Biology NEET - XI: Chapter 17- Breathing and Gaseous Exchange
Nasal conchae are six thin, scroll-like bony projections (superior, middle, and inferior pairs) present on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. They increase the surface area, helping to warm, moisten, and filter the inhaled air during respiration.
What are nasal conchae?
6 bony projections in the lateral wall of respiratory part
Key Terms
What are nasal conchae?
6 bony projections in the lateral wall of respiratory part
What works as an air conditioner for nose?
Conchae
Which bones form the conchae?
Maxilla, ethmoid and nasal bone
Internal nares open into
Nasalpharynx
How many cartilages are present in the larynx? Name them.
9
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid (paired)
Corniculate/cartilage of Santorini (paired)
Cuneiform cartilage (paired)
E...
Which is the largest cartilage of larynx?
Thyroid cartilage
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What are nasal conchae? | 6 bony projections in the lateral wall of respiratory part |
What works as an air conditioner for nose? | Conchae |
Which bones form the conchae? | Maxilla, ethmoid and nasal bone |
Internal nares open into | Nasalpharynx |
How many cartilages are present in the larynx? Name them. | 9 Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid (paired) Corniculate/cartilage of Santorini (paired) Cuneiform cartilage (paired) Epiglottis |
Which is the largest cartilage of larynx? | Thyroid cartilage |
Which cartilage forms adam’s apple in males? | Thyroid cartilage |
Which cartilage of larynx is C shaped? | Thyroid cartilage |
Which cartilage of larynx is signet ring shaped? | Cricoid cartilage |
Which cartilage of larynx is pyramid shaped? | Arytenoid cartilage |
What is the shape of epiglottis? | Leaf shaped |
Which cartilages in larynx are hyaline cartilage? | Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid |
Which cartilages in larynx are elastic cartilage? | Cartilage of santorini, cuneiform cartilage, epiglottis |
Vocal cords are attached to which cartilage ? | Arytenoid cartilage of larynx |
What is the function of false vocal chords? | Provide moisture to true vocal chord |
The anterior vocal chords are | False vocal chords |
How many cartilage rings are present on trachea? What type of cartilage are they? | 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings |
At the level of which vertebrae does the trachea divide into bronchi? | 5th thoracic |
How are the right and left bronchus different? | Right- shorter, ventral Left- longer, horizontal |
How many secondary bronchii does the right bronchus divide into? | 3 |
How many secondary bronchii does the left bronchus divide into? | 2 |
How many right tertiary bronchii are present? | 10 |
How many left tertiary bronchii are present? | 8 |
Which is the conducting part of the respiratory tract? | From external nares upto terminal bronchiole |
Incomplete cartilage rings are present in which part of respiratory tract? | Trachea to initial bronchiole |
How many types of cells are present in alveoli of lungs? | Pneumocyte 1, pneumocyte 2 (clara cells) and dust cells |
What is the function of pneumocyte 1? | Responsible for actual gaseous exchange with blood |
What is the function of pneumocyte 2? | Produce surfactant to prevent collapsing of alveoli |
What is the diametre of trachea? | 2 cm |
How many alveoli are present in one lung? | 300 million |
Ventrally, the lungs are protected by | Sternum and ribs |
Dorsally, the lungs are protected by | Vertebrae and ribs |
Laterally the lungs are protected by | Ribs |
Posteriorly the lungs are protected by | Diaphragm |
How many fissures are present in the right lung? | 3 lobes, 2 fissures |
How many fissures are present in the left lung? | 1 fissure, 2 lobes |
What covers the lungs? | Double layered pleura |
Normal inhalation required the contraction of | Radial/phrenic muscles of diaphragm and 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles |
What makes the lung expand along the anterior-posterior axis? | Diaphragm |
What makes the lungs expand along the dorso-ventral axis | External intercostal muscles |
What is the respiratory rate in humans? | 12-16 per minute |
What process happens during forceful expiration? | Active process | Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles contract |
Pulmonary volumes are assessed by a | Spirometre |
How much of the tidal volume actually reaches the alveoli? | 350 ml |
What is the inspiratory reserve volume? | 2500-3000 ml |
What is the expiratory reserve volume? | 1000-1200 ml |
What is the value of residual volume? | 1200 ml |
What is inspiratory capacity? | Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal expiration. (3000ml -3500ml) |
What is functional residual capacity? | Volume of air that remains after normal expiration (Expiratory reserve volume+residual volume) |
What is vital capacity? | Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a forceful expiration. |
What is more soluble in blood- CO2 or O2? | CO2 |
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli? | 104 |
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood? | 95 |
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues? | 40 |
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in Alveoli? | 40 |
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in oxygenated blood? | 40 |
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissue> | 45 |
Across how many layers do gases have to diffuse in alveoli? | 3- simple squamous epithelium of alveoli basement membrane endothelium of blood capillary |
What is the oxygen content in 100ml of oxygenated blood? | 20ml |
One molecule of haemoglobin can at max carry how many molecules of oxygen? | 4 |
What is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue by blood in resting condition? | 5ml |
What is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue by blood during streneous exercise? | 15ml |
What percentage of oxygen is present in dissolved state in blood? | 3% |
What does shifting of oxygen dissocisation curve to the right signify? | Dissociation of haemoglobin (more oxygen available) |
Increase in diphosphoglyceric acid cause the oxyggen dissocisation curve to | Shift to right |
What is bohr's effect in context to oxygen dissocisation curve? | Reduced affinity of oxyhaemoglobin with dioxygen in response to increase acidity. |
What is the difference between foetal haemoglobin and maternal haemoglobin? | Foetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for dioxygen than maternal blood. |
How many oxygen molecules can myoglobin bind to? | 1 |
What is hamburger's effect/chloride shift? | Bicarbonate ions move from RBC to plasma and Cl- from plasma into RBC |
What is Haldane's effect? | Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from hemoglobin which increases the removal of carbon dioxide. |
Which breathing is abdominal breathing? | Normal breathing |
Which breathing is thoracic breathing? | Forced breathing |
What type of breathing is found in pregnant women? | Thoracic breathing |
How long does inspiration and expiration last? | 2s, 3s respectively |
Where is the main respiratory cente located? | Medulla |
What is the main respiratory centre of brain called? | Respiratory rhythm centre |
WHat groups of neurons are present in respiratory rhythm centre? | Dorsally respiratory group and ventrally respiratory group |
What is the function of dorsally respiratory group? | Initiates repiration |
How does dorsally respiratory group of nerves bring about expiration? | Stops sending signals to muscles for 3 seconds, muscles relax => expiration |
Which part of respiratory rhythm centre controls normal breathing? | Dorsally respiratory group |
Which part of respiratory rhythm centre controls forceful breathing? | Ventrally respiratory group |
What modifies respiratory rhythm centre of medulla? | Pontine centres |
WHat are the parts of the pontine centre? | Pneumotaxic and apneustic |
What is the role of pneumotaxic centre? | Switch off centre of inspiration |
Which centre of brain inhibits medullary respiratory centre? | Pneumotaxic centre |
Which centre of brain can increase respiratory rate? | Pneumotaxic centre |
What is herring brewer reflex? | Protective reflex to prevent lungs from overinflation. Stretch receptor in bronchi are stimulated by overinflation of lungs which stimulate pontine centre to increase respiratory rate. |
Baroreceptors of bronchi send signals to pneumotaxic centre by which nerve? | Vagus nerve |
Where are the central chemoreceptors for breathing present? | Medulla |
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors situated? | carotid and aortic bodies |
What can the peripheral chemoreceptors sense? | partial pressure of CO2 and acidity in the blood of aorta and carotid artery |
What can the central chemoreceptors in humans sense? | partial pressure of CO2 and acidity of CSF in 4th ventricle of brain |
What is the condition of difficulty in breathing while in horizontal position called? | Orthopnoea |
What is hypoxia? | Low oxygen concentration in tissues |
Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by | Cyanide poisoning |
What is carbon monoxide poisoning called? | Asphyxia |
Blood becomes cherry red in case of | Asphyxia |
Spiracles of cockroaches are equivalent to which part of human body? | Nostrils |
How can mammals eat while breathing? | Because of negative pressure breathing |
Brown lungs disease is caused by | Inhalation of cotton dust |
What kind of respiration is found in aquatic arthropods? | Branchial respiration |
RBCs contain a minute amount of carbonic anhydrase and plasmsa contains a very high amount of carbonic anhydrase. True/false? | False | RBCs contain a very high amount of carbonic anhydrase and plasmsa contains minute amount of carbonic anhydrase. |