Biology NEET - XI: Chapter 18-Body Fluids and Circulation
In an open circulatory system, blood (hemolymph) is not confined to capillaries but flows freely into body cavities, bathing tissues directly. It is less efficient than a closed system and is seen in arthropods and most mollusks.
Which type of circulatory system has no capillaries?
Open circulatory system
Key Terms
Which type of circulatory system has no capillaries?
Open circulatory system
Who discovered blood vessel flow?
Malpighi
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has thinner tunica externa?
Artery
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has thinner tunica media?
Vein
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has narrower lumen?
Artery
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has valves?
Vein
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Which type of circulatory system has no capillaries? | Open circulatory system |
Who discovered blood vessel flow? | Malpighi |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has thinner tunica externa? | Artery |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has thinner tunica media? | Vein |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has narrower lumen? | Artery |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has valves? | Vein |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein is non elastic and collapsable? | Vein |
Which blood vessel-artery or vein has jerky flow? | Artery |
Tunica externa is made of which tissue? | Loose connective tissue |
Which layer of the walls of arteries and veins has vasavasorum? | Tunica externa |
What are the blood vessels of blood vessels called? | Vasavasorum |
Which muscles are present in the tunica media of wall of arteries and veins? | Circular smooth muscles |
Which layer of wall of arteries and veins is the thickest? | Tunica media |
ABO blood grouping system was discovered by | Landsteiner |
What can the mixing of blood of different blood group in a person’s body cause? | Jaundice and anaemia |
How many accessory chambers of heart are present in fishes? Name them. | 2- sinus venosus and conus arteriosus |
Where does blood get oxygenated in fishes? | Gills |
Deoxygenated blood from body enters into ________ in fishes | Sinus venosus |
Ventricles of fishes pump blood to | Conus arteriosus |
What chambers are present in heart of amphibians ? | 2 atria and 1 ventricle |
What are the accessory chambers of heart present in amphibians? | Sinus venosus and trunkus arteriosus |
What are the parts of trunkus arteriosus of reptiles? | 1 pulmonary arch and 2 systemic arch |
What type of heart is present in prawns? | Arterial heart |
How is the human heart oriented? | Slightly towards the left |
How many grooves are present in the heart? Name them. | 3 Coronary sulcus Interventricular sulcus Interatrial sulcus |
Which vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart? | Vena cava |
How many pulmonary veins are present? | 4 |
What represents the remains of ductus arteriosus between pulmonary and systemic aorta in foetus? | Ligamentum arteriosus |
Coronary veins and vena cava open in which chamber of heart? | Right atrium |
Pulmonary veins open into which chamber of the heart? | Left atrium |
Which valve gaurds the inferior vena cava? | Eustachian valve |
Which valve gaurds the coronary vein? | Thebasian valve |
Which valve gaurds the pulmonary vein? | None |
Which valve gaurds the pulmonary artery? | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
Which valve gaurds the systemic aorta? | Aortic semilunar valve |
Tricuspid valve is present between | Right atrium and ventricle |
Bicuspid valve is present between | Left atrium and ventricle |
Transverse muscular ridges are present in which part of heart? | Atrial wall |
Fossa ovalis is present in which part of heart? | Atrial wall |
What are the small muscular ridges of ventricular wall caled? | Columnae carneae |
Papillary muscles are present in which part of heart? | Ventricular wall |
What are chordae tendonae made of? | Collagenous cords |
What are chordae tendonae attached to? | Papillary muscular flaps of atriventricular valves |
In order of outside to inside, name the layers of wall of heart. | 1)Pericardium- Fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of serous pericardium (Pericardial space) Visceral layer of serous pericardium/ epicardium 2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium |
Inner visceral pericardium of heart is also known as | Epicardium |
Pericardial fluid is filled in | space between outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium |
Which is the thickest chamber of the heart? | Left ventricle |
Which chambers are involved in the pulmonary circulation? | Right ventricle and left atrium |
Which circulation is also called lesser circulation? | Pulmonary circulation |
Where is sino-atrial node locate? | Right upper wall of the right atrium |
Which node of heart has the highest frequency of impulse generation? What is the frequency? | SA node, 70-75/min |
Which is the pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
Where is atrio-ventricular node of heart located? | Lower left wall of right atrium |
What is the frequency of impulse generation in AV node? | 45-50/min |
What is known as the pacesetter of the heart? | AV node |
What is the time interval between the impulse generation by SA node and AV node? | 0.1 s |
What is the frequency of impulse generation of bundle of his and purkinje fibres? | 20-40/min |
Which nodes are responsible for ventricular contraction? | Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres |
What is the heart rate of humans? | 72 beats per minute |
What is the heart rate of an infant? | 120-140 beats per minute |
What is the heart rate of a foetus? | 140-160 beats/minute |
What is responsible for the nervous control of heart rate? | Cardiac centre of medulla |
When does cardio-acceleratory centre of cardiac centre operate? | During exercise, in heat, emergency |
Cardio acceleratory centre regulates heart rate via which autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic autonomous nervous system |
Cardio-inhibitory centre operates during | Sleep, resting condition |
Cardio inhibitory centre operates through which nerve? | Vagus nerve |
What is the effect of thyroxine on heart rate and cardiac output? | Heart rate and cardiac output increase |
Increase in the concentration of which electrolyte causes heart rate to increase? | K+ and Na+ |
Increase in the concentration of which electrolyte causes heart rate to decrease? | Calcium ion |
What is the duration of one cardiac cycle? | 0.8 s |
How long does atrial systole last? | 0.1 s |
What cause atria to contract? | SAN |
What happens to the eustachian and thebasian valve during atrial systole? | Remain closed |
What percentage of total blood is filled in the ventricles during atrial systole? | 30% |
How long does the ventricular systole last? | 0.3s |
LUBB sound in cardiac cycle is produced due to | Closing of AV valves in the beginning of ventricular systole |
DUBB sound in cardiac cycle is produced due to | Closing of semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole |
What is the difference between the pitches of the LUBB and DUBB sound in cardiac cycle? | LUBB- Low pitched | DUBB- high pitched |
How long does the LUBB sound last? | 0.16 s |
How long does the DUBB sound last? | 0.1 s |
How does ventricular filling occur in different stages? | 1/3rd rapid filling in atrial systole 1/3rd rapid filling in joint diastole 1/3rd passive filling in joint diastole |
What is the graphical representation of electrical acitivity of heart called? | Electrocardiogram |
What is the machine used to make a graphical representation of electrical acitivity of heart called? | Electrocardiograph |
Who is called the father of electrocardiography? | Einthovan |
How many minimum leads are required for an electrocardiogram and where are they places? | 3 | One on each wrist and one on the left ankle |
Which wave on the electrocardiogram represent atrial depolarisation (atrial systole) | P wave |
QRS wave on the electrocardiogram represents | Ventricular depolarisation |
T wave on the electrocardiogram represents | Ventricular repolarisation |
What is end diastolic volume? | Volume of blood in ventricles at end of ventricular relaxation (120 ml) |
What is the value of stroke volume? | 70 ml |
What is end systolic volume? | Volume of blood that remains in ventricle at the end of ventricular contraction. (50ml) |
What is ejection factor ? | Fraction of blood in ventricles pumped in aorta in each stroke |
What is the cardiac output? | 5 lt |
What are the two components of blood pressure? | Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure |
What is blood pressure in a healthy person? | 120/80 |
What is pulse pressure? | Pressure difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (40 mmHG) |
Which device is used to measure blood pressure? | Sphygmomanometre |
What is the blood pressure in hypertension? | 140/90 |
Blue baby syndrome is caused by | Patent foramen ovale |
Rheumatic heart disease is caused due to | damage to valves because of toxins |
What is the irregular beating of heart called? | Arrhytmia |
Where is a lithium halide battery pacemaker placed in body? | Below collar bone |
Where are sillicon chip based artificial pacemaker placed in body? | Dorsal wall of heart |
Coronary artery disease is also known as | Atherosclerosis |
Atherosclerosis is caused due to | build up of fat/cholesterol on arterial wall |
What is the diagnosis of atherosclerosis? | Angiography |
What is the treatment of atherosclerosis? | Angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting |
Myocardial infarction is the other name of | Heart attack |
What is the death of a muscle of heart called? | Heart attack |
What is the inadequate supple of blood from heart called? | Heart failure |
What is the complete stoppage heart beat called? | Cardiac arrest |
Renal portal system is well developed in | Fishes and amphibians |
The hypophyseal portal vein offloads neurohormones into | Anterior pitutary |
Can lymph clot? | Yes |
Right lymphatic duct collects lymph from | Right head, thorax, hand and neck |
Left lymphatic duct collects lymph from | Left head, thorax, neck, both legs and abdomen |
Do lymphatic vessels have valves? | Yes |
Lymphatic duct release lymph into | Subclavian vein |
Which is the largest lymph node of the body? | Spleen |
The exchange of gases, nutrients, etc between blood and tissues happens through which fluid? | INterstitial fluid |
For detailed analysis of heart's function, multiple leads of electrocardiograph are attached to | The chest |
Angina pectoris occurs when | Not enough oxygen reaches heart |