Biology NEET - XI: Chapter 19- Excretory Products and Their Elimination
The tadpole of a frog is ammonotelic, meaning it excretes ammonia as its primary nitrogenous waste. This is because it lives in water, where ammonia can be easily diluted and removed.
What is the excretory product of tadpole of frog?
Ammonia
Key Terms
What is the excretory product of tadpole of frog?
Ammonia
On which surface is the kidney covered by peritoneum?
Ventral surface
Which kidney is situated lower than the other?
Right is lower than left
What is the outermost covering of kidney?
Renal fascia
What is the innermost covering of kidney?
Renal capsule
Renal capsule is made of
White fibrous connective tissue
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the excretory product of tadpole of frog? | Ammonia |
On which surface is the kidney covered by peritoneum? | Ventral surface |
Which kidney is situated lower than the other? | Right is lower than left |
What is the outermost covering of kidney? | Renal fascia |
What is the innermost covering of kidney? | Renal capsule |
Renal capsule is made of | White fibrous connective tissue |
Hilum is present on which surface of kidney? | COncave surface |
Renal artery enters into kidney through | Hilum |
How many minor and major calyx are present in kidney? | 10-12 minor calyx, 2-3 major calyx |
What is the cortex tissue between medullary pyramids called? | Columns of bertini |
The tip of the renal pyramid of kidney is called? | Renal papillae |
What prevents the backflow of urine from urinary bladder to ureter? | Oblique openings of ureter |
What is the smooth involuntary muscle of urinary bladder called? | Detrussar muscle |
Where does the glomerulus of nephron lie? | Cortex of kidney |
PCT and DCT of nephron lie in which part of kidney? | Cortex |
Which cells are present in the inner layer of bowman’s capsule? | Podocyte |
The descending limb of loop of henle is permeable to | water |
What is the difference between the thickness of the upper and lower ascending limb of loop of henle? | Upper= thick Lower= thin |
Many collecting ducts of nephrons join to form | Duct of Bellini |
Duct of bellini opens into renal pelvis through | Renal papillae |
What is the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus+bowman’s capsule |
How many of the total nephrons are juxtamedullary? | 15% |
Vasa recta is absent in which nephrons? | Cortical nephrons |
Capillary network around tubules is formed by | efferent arteriole |
Vasa recta is formed by | Capillary network |
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure? | Pressure of the blood flowing in glomerulus. Promotes filteration (60-70mmHG) |
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure? | Exerted by filtrate in capsule, it resists filterartion (10-18mmHg) |
Net filteration pressure in glomerulus? | 10-12mmHg |
What is renal plasma flow? | Volume of plasma flow to both the kidneys per minute (650 ml/min) |
Glomerular filteration rate is | 125 ml/min |
What is the constitution of the glomerular filterate? | Same as plasma but plasma proteins are absent |
Where does maximum absorption from glomerular filterate occur? | PCT |
Where is glucose absorbed from glomerular filterate? | PCT |
How is NaCl absorbed in the thin part of ascending limb of loop of henle? | Passively |
How is NaCl absorbed in the thick part of ascending limb of loop of henle? | Actively |
What is the function of vasopressin? | Increases reabsorption of water from DCT and collecting duct |
What is the role of aldosterone? | Increases reabsorption of Na+ in exchange with K+ |
What is the pH of urine? | 6 |
How much urea do humans excrete in a day? | 28 g |
What is the renal threshold of glucose? | 180mg/100ml of blood |
What is the tonicity of urine as compared to plasma? | Hypertonic |
What are the counter current multiplier of nephron? | Loop of henle |
What are the counter current exchanger of nephron? | Vasa recta |
Between which values does the osmolarity of along medullary interstitium vary? | 300 mOsmol/l to 1200 mOsmol/l |
Which vertebrate is an osmoconformer? | Hagfish |
Name the three types of cells found in juxta glomerular apparatus. | Maculla densa Juxta glomelular cells Mesangial cells |
Renin is secreted by | jUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS |
Angiotensinogen is secreted by | Liver |
What catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1? | Renin |
What catalyses conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? | Angiotensin converting enzyme |
What is the effect of Angiotensin II on muscles? | Causes constriction of muscles- vasoconstriction |
Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release | Aldosterone |
What is the role of atrialnatriuretic factor? | Vasodilator, inhibits juxtaglomerular apparatus |
Where does the ornithine cycle take place? | Mitochondria and cytoplasm |
How many ATP are required in the urea cycle? | 3 |
List all the molecules in order formed in the urea cycle. | Carbomyl phosphate citrulline arginosuccinic acid arginine ornithine |
In urea cycle arginine breaks to form | urea and ornithine |
Maximum urea is found in which vein? | Hepatic vein |
Minimum urea is found in which vein? | Renal vein |
What are the substances which increase urine output called? | Diuretics |
What is the effect of cold weather on urine synthesis? | Increases urine output |
Accumulation of uric acid in joints is linked to a disease called | Gout |
Diabetes insipidus is caused due to | Reduced ADH |
What is the tonicity of bowman's capsule and PCT with respect to plasma? | Isotonic |
What is the tonicity of DCT with respect to plasma? | Hypotonic |
Mesonephric kidney is found in | Fishes, amphibians, embryonic stage of amniotes |
Metanephric kidney is found in | All amniotes |
Which type of excretory structures are associated with osmoregulation? | Protonephric |
On which level of vertebrae are kidneys located? | Last thoracic and third lumbar |
Which wall of abdominal cavity are kidneys located? | Inner dorsal wall |
Which ions are secreted by PCT into the filterate? | H+ K+ NH3+ |
Which ions are absorbed by the PCT from the filterate? | HCO3- |
The gradient along the medulllary interstitium of kidney is due to | NaCl and urea |
What acts as a check on renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Aldosterone |
Presence of glucose and ketone in urine is indicative of | Diabetes mellitus |