Biology NEET - XI: Chapter 21- Neural Control Part 1
Ganglia (clusters of nerve cells) first appeared in the phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms. These organisms exhibit a simple nervous system with paired ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords, marking the beginning of centralized nervous coordination in the animal kingdom.
Ganglion first appeared in which phylum?
Platyhelminthes
Key Terms
Ganglion first appeared in which phylum?
Platyhelminthes
Brain like structure first which appeared in which organisms?
Insects
How does the antiport in sodium potassium pump work?
Influx of 2 K+ for outflux of every 3 Na+
In resting stage the axolemma is permeable to which ion and impermeable to which ?
Impermeable to Na+ and permeable to K+
What is the relative charge on the outside of the axolemma in resting state?
Positive
What is the resting membrane potential of axolemma?
-70mV
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Ganglion first appeared in which phylum? | Platyhelminthes |
Brain like structure first which appeared in which organisms? | Insects |
How does the antiport in sodium potassium pump work? | Influx of 2 K+ for outflux of every 3 Na+ |
In resting stage the axolemma is permeable to which ion and impermeable to which ? | Impermeable to Na+ and permeable to K+ |
What is the relative charge on the outside of the axolemma in resting state? | Positive |
What is the resting membrane potential of axolemma? | -70mV |
In depolarised stage, what is the axolemma membrane potential? | +30 to +45 mV |
How long does it take for the sodium channels opened in depolarised stage to close during impulse generation in an axon? | 1 ms |
What happens to the sodium and potassium channels in the repolarised stage of axolemma? | Sodium channels close, potassium channels open |
What is the axolemma membrane potential during hyperpolarisation? | -90 mV |
Polarised stage of axolemma is maintained by | Sodium potassium pump |
Depolarised stage of axolemma is caused by | Sodium channel opening |
Repolarised stage of axolemma is caused by | Potassium channel opening |
What is absolute refractory period of an axon? | Nerve does not generate new impulse irrespective of the strength of stimulus. (3-4 ms) |
What is the relative refractory period of an axon? | Impulse can be generated by giving higher stimulus |
What is threshold stimulus? | -55mV |
Conduction of impulse is bidirectional in a myelinated neuron. True/false? | False. It is unidirectional. |
What happens to the speed of conduction of impulse if the diameter of nerve fibre increases? | Velocity also increases |
WHich is the most common type of synapse based on the parts of neurons involved? | Axo-dendritic synapse |
Which synapse-electrical or chemical has narrow synaptic cleft? | Electrical |
Which synapse-electrical or chemical has synaptic vesicles? | chemical |
Which synapse-electrical or chemical is common? | Chemical |
Which ion is involved in transmission of a chemical synapse? | Calcium ions |
What are excitatory neurotransmitter? | Open sodium channels to cause depolarisation of axolemma. Impulse is carried forward |
What kind of neurotransmitter is acetyl choline? | Excitatory neurotransmitter |
What kind of neurotransmitter is epinephrin? | Excitatory neurotransmitter |
How do inhibitory neurotransmitters function? | Cause chlorine channels to open => hyperpolarisation of axolemma => impulse is blocked |
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA? | Inhibitory neurotransmitter |
What kind of neurotransmitter is serotonin? | Inhibitory neurotransmitter |
What kind of neurotransmitter is dopamine? | Can function as both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter |
If nodes of Ranvier become absent on axons then what will happen to the impulse conduction? | Impulse conduction will stop |
What are the parts of motor nervous system? | Somatic and autonomous nervous system` |
What tissue is present in meninges? | Connective tissue |
How many meninges are present in fishes? | 1 |
How many meninges are present in amphibians? | 2 |
How many meninges are present in humans? | 3 |
How many meninges are present in reptiles? | 2 |
How many meninges are present in birds? | 2 |
Name the meninges of mammals in the inside to outside order. | Piamater Arachnoid mater Duramater |
Which is the thinnest meninx of mammalian brain? | Piamater |
Vili are present in which meninx of mammalian brain? | Arachnoid mater |
Subarachanoid space is present between which two meninx? | Between arachanoid mater and piamater |
Subdural space is present between which two meninx? | Between duramater and arachanoid mater |
What is present in subarachanoid space? | CSF |
What is present in subdural space? | Serous fluid |
Where is epidural space present? | Between duramater and vertebrae of spinal cord |
What is epidural space made of? | Adipose tissue |
What is the pH of cerebro spinal fluid? | 7.3 |
Cerebro spinal fluid is formed by the filteration of | Blood |
Are RBCs present in CSF? | No |
What part of brain forms CSF? | Choroid plexus |
CSF is withdrawn from which lumbar in lumbar puncture method of diagnosis? | L3 -L4 |
Spinal anasthesia is administered through which vertebrae? | L3-L4 |
How much CSF is produced everyday? | 500ml |
What are the cavities of brain called? | Ventricles |
How many ventricles are present in brain? | 4 |
What are the two lateral ventricles of brain called? | Paracoel |
Where are the paracoel present? | Cerebral hemispheres |
Where is the fourth ventricle of brain present and what is it called? | Present in medulla and called metacoel |
The fourth and third ventricle of brain communicate through | Iter's canal/aqueduct of sylvius |
The lateral ventricles of the brain communicated with the third ventricle through | Foramen of monero |
CSF from fourth ventricle of brain enter subarachnoid space through | 2 lateral foramen of Luschka | 1 median foramen of Magendie |
What type of axons are present in the grey matter? | Non-myellinated neurons |
What type of axons are present in the white matter? | Myelinated neurons |
How are the white and grey matter arranged in brain? | Grey matter surrounds white matter |
How are the white and grey matter arranged in spinal cord? | White matter surrounds grey matter |
What is rhombencephalon? | Hind brain |
What is prosencephalon? | Forebrain |
What are the parts of forebrain? | Olfactory lobes, cerebrum, diencephalon |
What are the parts of midbrain? | Optic lobes, cerebral peduncles |
What are the parts of hind brain? | Pons varolii, medulla oblongata, cerebellum |
How many olfactory lobes are present in forebrain? | 1 pair |
On which surface of brain are the olfactory lobes located? | Ventral surfaces |
What is the largest part of the forebrain? | Cerebral hemispheres/cerebrum |
The medulla of cerebral hemisphere is formed by | White matter |
What is the thickest portion of cortex of cerebrum? | Neopallium |
Name the fissures present in the cerebrum? | Central fissure Parieto occipital fissure Lateral/sylvian fissure |
Central fissure of brain divides | Frontal and parietal lobes |
Sylvian fissure of brain divides | frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe |
Name the lobes of the brain. | Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
In which lobes are the sensory area of cerebrum located? | Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes |
In which lobes are the motor area of cerebrum located? | Frontal lobe |
In which lobes are the association area of cerebrum located? | in all lobes |
Which centre of brain controls involuntary muscles? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present? | Premotor centre in frontal lobe |
Brocha's speech centre is located in which lobe of the cerebrum? | Frontal lobe |
Intellectual centre of brain is located in which lobe? | Frontal lobe |
Which centre of brain is responsible for sensation of pain, pressure, heat, cold or activity like reading? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present? | Somesthesia centre present in parietal lobe |
Gustatory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum? | Parietal lobe |
Centre of vision is present in which lobe of cerebrum? | Occipital lobe |
Olfactory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum? | Temporal lobe |
Which centre of brain is responsible for understanding language? In which lobe of cerebrum is it present? | Wernicke's area, temporal lobe |
Auditory centre is present in which lobe of cerebrum? | Temporal lobe |
The posterior part of forebrain is called | Diencephalon |
Pineal gland is present on | Epithalamus (roof of Diencephalon) |
Which part of brain is also called gatekeeper of cerebrum? | Thalamus |
Hypothalamus connects to pitutary gland by | Infundibulum |
What does the posterior surface of hypothalamus have? | Mammillary bodies |
Hunger, thirst and satiety centre is present in | Hypothalamus |
Thermoregulation is the function of | Hypothalamus |
Limbic systems surrounds | Corpus callosum and thalamus |