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2. How did the Mexican-American War end? Step 1: The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. The treaty was named after the town in Mexico where the negotiations took place. Step 2: Mexico ceded vast territories to the United States As part of the treaty, Mexico ceded more than 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Step 3: The United States agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico In exchange for the territories, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million to cover the damages caused by the war. Additionally, the United States assumed $3.25 million in Mexican debts owed to American citizens. 3. What were three major consequences of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for Mexico? Step 1: Loss of territory and population One of the most significant consequences of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the loss of more than half of Mexico's territory, which included a substantial portion of its population. Step 2: Economic and political instability The war and the loss of territory led to significant economic and political instability in Mexico. The government struggled to maintain order, and many Mexicans faced poverty and unemployment. Step 3: The rise of anti-American sentiment The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also fueled anti-American sentiment in Mexico, as many Mexicans felt betrayed by their northern neighbor. This sentiment would persist for decades and shape Mexican-American relations. 4. What was the Gadsden Purchase? Step 1: The need for a southern railroad route The Gadsden Purchase was a land sale between the United States and Mexico that took place in 1854. The United States wanted to buy a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico to build a southern railroad route to California. Step 2: The purchase agreement Under the agreement, the United States paid Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 -square-mile area, including parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. Step 3: The impact of the Gadsden Purchase The Gadsden Purchase allowed the United States to build a southern transcontinental railroad, which had significant economic and strategic benefits. However, it also led to further tensions between the United States and Mexico. 5. Do you think the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo did enough to protect the rights of Mexican citizens whose land became part of the United States? Why? Step 1: The treaty's provisions for Mexican citizens The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo contained provisions intended to protect the rights of Mexican citizens living in the ceded territories. For example, it guaranteed their property rights, granted them American citizenship, and allowed them to maintain their language and culture. Step 2: The limitations of the treaty's provisions However, the treaty's provisions were often not enforced, and many Mexican citizens faced discrimination, intimidation, and violence as Anglo-American settlers moved into the territories. As a result, many Mexican citizens lost their land and property, and their cultural heritage was often erased. Step 3: The long-term impact on Mexican-American relations The failure to protect the rights of Mexican citizens had significant long-term consequences for Mexican-American relations. It fueled anti-American sentiment in Mexico and contributed to the ongoing struggle for Mexican-American civil rights in the United States. The long-term impact of this failure has been significant for Mexican-American relations.