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Test Bank for Leadership in Organizations, 9th Edition

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    1 Leadership in Organizations, 9e (Yukl) Chapter 1 The Nature of Leadership 1) What is the best explanation for so many different definitions of leadership? A) scholarly nitpicking about trivial issues B) disagreement about what should be included in the definition C) little opportunity for rigorous scientific analysis D) leadership is a very old topic with centuries of definitions Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficu lty Level: Moderate 2) What is the most common element in definitions of leadership? A) Leadership is an authority relationship. B) Leadership is the ability to make good decisions. C) Leadership is an at tribution made by followers. D) Leadership is an i nfluence process. Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 3) Definitions of leadership ________. A ) are usually derived by systematic observation of leaders B) are only minor variations of the same general description C) are important for designing and interpreting research D) are pointless because there is no basis for their verification Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways l eadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 4) What process is emphasized in the definition of leadership proposed by Yukl? A) influencing followers to have comple te trust in the leader B) motivating followers to do more than they initially expected C) empowering each follower to become self reliant D) facilitating collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the diff erent ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Refl ective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    2 5) Leadership effectiveness is best assessed ________. A) by evaluations from the leader's boss B) by subordinate evaluations of the leader C) by a variety of subjective and objective criteria D) by objective i ndicators of group performance Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 6) Most leaders hip theories emphasize ________. A) leader characte ristics B) follower characteristics C) both leader and follower characteristics D) characteristics of the leadership situation Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied the most. AACSB: Reflective thinking Dif ficulty Level: Easy 7) What aspect of leadership has been emphasized most often in leadership theories and research during the past half century? A) leader t raits and skills B) leadership behavior C) leader power and authority D) the leadership situation Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied the most. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 8) What level of leadership processes is emphasized in most theories of effective leadership? A) intra - i ndividual B) dyadic C) group D) organizational Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    3 9) A theory that identifies the essential beh aviors for any type of leader is best classified as ________. A) descriptive and universal B) prescriptive and universal C) descriptive and situational D) prescriptive and situational Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand which aspects of leadership h ave been studied the most. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 10) A theory that emphasizes leader traits and skills as determinants o f leadership behavior is best categorized at what level? A) individual B) dyadic C) group D) organiza tional Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Lev el: Moderate 11) A theory that explains the most effective pattern of leadership behavior in a spec ified situation is best classified as ________. A) descriptive B) prescriptive C) universal D) comprehensive Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand whi ch aspects of leadership have been studied the most. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: M oderate 12) A theory that describes how changes by top management in the structure and culture of an organization affect the behavior of employees is best described as a ________ theory. A) prescriptive B) hierarchical C) multi - level D) complexity Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand which aspects of leadership have been studied the most. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    4 13) Most of the leadership theory and research has described ________ leadership. A) direct B) ethical C) informal D) toxic Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 14) A leadership theory that describes relationships among leader traits, behavior, influence processes, outcomes, and s ituational variables is best classified as ________. A) descriptive B) integrative C) comprehensive D) universal Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand which aspects of leadership have been studied the most. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level : Moderate 15) Which is the LEAST accurate statement about the outcomes of leadership actions? A) Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually consistent with each other. B) Immediate outcomes are easier to predict than end - result outcomes. C) Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually interrelated in complex causal chains. D) End - result outcomes are less useful as criteria of leadership effectiveness. Answer: A Learning Obje ctive: Understand the different ways leadership effecti veness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 16) Which statement about leaders and managers is MOST accurate according to Yukl? A) Managers and leaders are different types of people. B) Managing and leading are mutually ex clusive and unrelated. C) Managing is not important for effective leadership. D) Leadership is important for the success of most managers. Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinkin g Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    5 17) The numerous definitions of leadership ________. A) are almost identical B) overlap a great deal C) have nothing in common D) differ in many respects Answer: D Lear ning Objective: Understand the different ways leadersh ip has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 18) The differences among the various definitions of leadership ________. A) are nothing more than scholarly nit - picking B) merely express the same criteria in different terminology C) reflect deep disagreement about the identification of leaders and leadership processes D) reject the assumption that it is a process in which intent ion influence is exerted over other people Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 19) On which assumption do most definitions of leadership agree? A) Deliberate influence is exercised over other people. B) Influence over others is to be avoided. C) Inf luence should be exerted to punish, not to motivate. D) People cannot be influenced to do something they do not wish to do. Answer: A Learning Objecti ve: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Le vel: Moderate 20) Researchers who view leadership as a ________ are more likely to pay attention to the attributes that determine selection of design ated leaders. A) shared influence process B) specialized role C) group engagement activity D) function th at jeopardizes the effectiveness of the group Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflec tive thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    6 21) Which is true of the body of thinking that views leadersh ip as a specialized role? A) It suggests that a person in the group cannot perform both leader and follower roles at the same time. B) It distinguishes between leader and follower roles. C) It does not consider the effects of the leader's behavior on other members of the group. D) Les s attention is paid to the typical behavior of designated leaders. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 22) Most beh avioral scientists and practi tioners ________. A) dispute that leadership is a useful scientific construct B) agree completely on the definition of leadership C) have lost interest in the subject of leadership D) believe that leadership is a real and impor tant phenomenon Answer: D Le arning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 23) Researchers who consider leadership to be an influence process that occurs within a soci etal system, diffused among t he members, ________. A) posit that leadership is best studied as a specialized role B) suggest that leadership may only be exhibited informally C) believe it is more useful to study leadership as a pattern of relationships D) contend that leadership is im portant for the success of most managers Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 24) The ethical use of power ________. A) should not limit the definition of leadership B) must restrict the type of influence processes that researchers study C) is not of concern to most leadership scholars D) is not a legitimate concern Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the differe nt ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    7 25) Should the domain of leadership processes to study be limited by the leader's intended purpose? A) No, because acts of leade rship have multiple motives, and it is seldom possible to determine the extent to which they are selfless rather than selfish. B) Yes, because leadership only occurs when people are influenced to do what is ethical and beneficial for the organization and t hemselves. C) No, because the act ions of a leader are never more detrimental than beneficial for followers. D) Yes, because actions motivated solely by a leader's personal needs cannot result in unintended benefits for followers. Answer: A Learning Object ive: Understand the different wa ys leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 26) Until the 1980s, few theories of leadership recognized the importance of ________ as a basis for influence. A) reason B) emotion C ) monetary gain D) prestige Answe r: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 27) The conceptualization of leadership should include ________ processes. A) neither rational nor emotional B) b oth rational and emotional C) rational but not emotional D) emotional but not rational Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different way s leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 28) Which of the foll owing is an example of indirect leadership? A) emailing B) texting C) presenting a speech D) cascading Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand t he different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Application of knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy

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    8 29) ________ leadership is the term used to describe how a chief executive can influence people at lower levels in the organization who do have immedia te contact with the leader. A) Direct B) Indirect C) Specialized role D) Influence process Answer: B Learni ng Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 30) Which statement is true in the context of the ongoing controversy about the distinction between management and leadership ? A) A person cannot be a leader without being a manager. B) A person cannot have the job title "manager" without at least one subordin ate to lead. C) There is clear agreement on the area of overlap between management and leadership. D) Leadership can be v iewed as one of several managerial roles. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AA CSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 31) In this text, leadership is treated as ________. A) a speciali zed role but not a social influence process B) a social influence process but not a specialized role C) both a social influence process but not a specialized role D) neither a specialized role nor a social influence process Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 32) In this text, t he terms leader, ________ are used interchangeably to refer to people who occupy positions in which they are expected to perform the leadership role, but without any assumptions about their actual behavior or success. A) manager, and boss B) subordinate, a nd manager C) subordinate, and direct report D) staff, and boss Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    9 33) In the text, the term ________ is used to describe a person who acknowledges the focal leader as the primary source of guidance about the work, regardless of ho w much formal authority the leader actually has over the person. A) subordinate B) partner C) ou tsider D) follower Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Mod erate 34) Conceptions of leader effectiveness ________. A) are based on the same criteria B) di ffer from one writer to another C) have nothing in common D) do not reflect effectiveness in terms of the consequences of influence Answer: B Learning Objectiv e: Understand the different ways leadership has been defined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Diffi culty Level: Moderate 35) Which is an example of a subjective measure of performance? A) net profits B) return on investment C) rating obtained from the leade r's superiors D) costs in relation to budgeted expenditures Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Application of knowledge Difficulty Level: Easy 36) Market share is an example of a( n) ________ measure of performance. A) ineffective B) objective C) subj ective D) relative Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Application of knowledge Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    10 3 7) Follower attitudes and perceptions of the leader are ________. A) not a common indicator of effectiveness B) usually measured with questionnaires or interviews C) calculated using sales data D) impossible to measure Answer: B Learning Objective: Under stand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 38) Which question is NOT related to follower attitudes and perceptions of the leader? A) How well does the leader satisfy the needs a nd expectations of followers? B) Do followers perceive the leader to hav e high integrity? C) Has the leader increased the productivity of the followers? D) Do followers trust the leader? Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leaders hip effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 39) Which question concerns measuring leader effectiveness in terms of the leaders' contribution to the quality of group processe s, as perceived by followers or outsi de observers? A) Do followers like, respect, and admire the leader? B) Have sales figures achieved by followers increased during the leader's tenure? C) Are followers likely to resist or subvert the leader's requests? D ) Does the leader contribute to the e fficiency of role specialization? Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 40) Which of the following would be MOST relevant to measuring the extent to which a person has had a successful career as a leader? A) A leader enhances group cohesiveness. B) A leader has a rapid ascent to positions of higher authority. C) A leader decreases costs in relation to budgeted expenditures. D) A leader im proves the quality of work life for followers. Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    11 41) The _____ ___ result of an influence attempt i s whether followers are willing to do what the leader asks, but a(n) ________ effect is how well followers actually perform the assignment. A) immediate; delayed B) delayed; immediate C) follower; leader D) leader; follower Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 42) When the immediate and delayed effects on the same criterion are inconsistent, the immediate outcome ________. A) will be positiv e while the delayed outcome will be even more positive B) will be negative while the delayed outcome will be positive C) is lik ely to be identical to the delayed outcome D) may be very different from the delayed outcome Answer: D Learning Objective: Unde rstand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 43) Which is the most common method used to study leadership effectiveness? A) descriptions of leader actions and decisions from obse rvation and diaries, and critical incidents B) examination of social networks within organizations C) questionnaires filled out by subordinates and other people who interact with the leader D) experiments in which researchers assess effects of different pa tterns of leader behavior on group processes and outcomes Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leaders hip effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 44) The use of multiple methods for stu dying leadership ________. A) is the norm among researchers today B) tends to be more common than using one familiar, well - accepted method C) minimizes the limitations of a single method D) muddles the research results and is therefore ineffective Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effe ctiveness is determined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    12 45) ________ can be content analyzed to identify behavior used by effective and ineffective leaders. A) Biographies of famous leaders B) Questionnaires filled out by leaders themselves C) Videos that show different patterns of leadership behavior D) Fictional accounts of group behavior Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the different ways leadership effectiveness is determined. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Le vel: Moderate 46) Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of variables that are relevant for understanding leadership effectiveness? A) characteristics of leaders B) chara cteristics of followers C) characteristics of industries D) characteri stics of situations Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 47) ___ _____ is an example of the "characteristics of the situation" key vari able. A) Skills and expertise B) National cultural values C) Influence tactics D) Task commitment and effort Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theo ries that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 48) Confidence and optimism is a characteristic of which key variable(s) in leadership theories? A) characteristics of the le ader B) characteristics of the followers C) c haracteristics of the situation D) characteristics of both the leader and the followers Answer: D Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytica l thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    13 49) Most leadership theories emphasize ________ as the primary basis for explaining effective leadership. A) one category more than the others B) two categories, equally C) two categories, with one featured more prom inently, D) all three categories Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 50) Which of the following is NOT one of the five approaches into which the theories and empirical research reviewed in the text are classified? A) trait approach B) behavior approach C) nature - nurture approach D) power - influence approach Answer: C Learning O bjective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy 51) The ________ approach emphasizes attributes of leaders such as personality, motives, values, and skills. A) behavi or B) trait C) power - influence D) situational Answer: B Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 52) The ________ approach began in the early 19 50s after many researchers became discouraged with the ________ approach and began to pay closer attenti on to what managers actually do on the job. A) behavior; trait B) power - influence; situational C) trait; behavior D) situational; power - influence Answer : A Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACS B: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Easy

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    14 53) The most common research method in the behavior approach has been a ________. A) laboratory experiment B) field experiment C) critical incident D) survey field study Answer: D Learning Objective: Unde rstand the major types of leadership theories that hav e been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 54) In the power - influence approach, power is viewed as ________. A) valuable only for the degree to which it influences subordin ates B) essential for influencing industry trends C) i mportant for influencing subordinates as well as peers, superiors, clients, and suppliers D) secondary to other leader behaviors including tireless energy and penetrating intuition Answer: C Learning O bjective: Understand the major types of leadership th eories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 55) Charismatic and transformational leadership ________. A) emphasize leader and follower values as well as leade r behavior B) highlight the importance of contextual f actors that influence leader behavior C) explain leadership effectiveness in terms of the amount and type of power possessed by a leader D) emphasize personality, motives, values, and skills Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the major types of lea dership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 56) Theories of ethical leadership, authentic leadership, servant leadership, and spiritual leadership a ll view leader ________ as the foundation for the leader's goals and behaviors and their impact on followers. A) behaviors B) traits C) values D) situations Answer: C Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been st udied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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    15 57) Leadership can be described as a(n) ________ process involving leader interaction with o ne subordinate. A) intra - individual B) dyadic C) group D) organizational Answer: B Learning Object ive: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Reflective thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 58) Which is a typic al research question for the intra - individual level of conceptualization? A) How do leaders make de cisions about competitive strategy and external initiatives? B) How is leadership shared in the group or team? C) How does a leader influence subordinate mot ivation and task commitment? D) How are leaders influenced by role expectations and constraint? Ans wer: D Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 59) At which level of conceptualization is the research question, "How leaders influence the sha red mental models of team members?" A) intra - individual B) dyadic C) group D) organization Answer: C Learning Objective: Understa nd the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate 60 ) As compared to ________ theories of leadership, ________ theories usually provide a better explanation of financial performance b y an organization. A) dyadic or group - level; organization - level B) organization - level or group - level; dyadic C) dyadic or org anization - level; group - level D) organization - level or group - level; intra - individual Answer: A Learning Objective: Understand the major types of leadership theories that have been studied. AACSB: Analytical thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate

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