2023-2024 NURS611 Maryville University Pathophysiology Exam 2 With Answers (165 Solved Questions)

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NURS 611 EXAM 2 PATHO2023-2024(MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADYGRADED A+1.Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what?Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest2.The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing whichof the following? (select all that apply)A.Decreasing mucous productionB.Increasing blood sugar levelsC.Increasing body temperatureD.Decreasing sweat excretionE.Increasing blood pressureIncreases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressureIn general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with theprotection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.3.Review: the sympathetic system is all about what?It’s all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreasedrelease of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs.4.Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?Level of consciousnessLOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. Analteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of aperson’scondition.5.Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain?Prefrontal lobeThe prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability toconcentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibitionon the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.6.Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects?Broca area in the frontal lobeBroca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech.7.Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of thebrain?

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Basal ganglia

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28.Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioralpatterns are main functions of which area of the brain?HypothalamusHypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant internalenvironment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.9.What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioralstates?Limbic system and prefrontal cortex10.Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?Medulla oblongataThe medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of thebrainstem.11.Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconsciousmuscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?Cerebellum12.The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute13.What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to thehypothalamus? (select all that apply)A.Uneven expression of moodB.Unstable blood glucose levelsC.Poor regulation of body temperatureD.Visual disturbances such as blurred visionE.N/V and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux diseaseUneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp regulationThe hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon. Hypothalamic function controlsautonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.14.What is the first defense of our bodies?Skin and mucous membranes

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15.Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?To prevent infection of the injured tissueIf the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection,and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.16.What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar).There is a 5thsign known as loss of function (functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did notmention this.17.Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?Leukocytes18.What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?Increased capillary permeabilityThe increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from thevessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible forinflammation-induced edema.19.What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?Vasodilation of blood vesselsThe increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of redcells at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness.20.The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by?Directing leukocytes to the inflamed areaTwo chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophilchemotactic factorof anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation.NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the siteof inflammation.21.What is pain mediated by?Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins22.The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:

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4Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficientopsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of theinflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.23.During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteriaDuring phagocytosis, opsonization involes only the recognition and adherence ofphagocytes to bacteria.24.What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis?Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destructionOnce the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence ofphagocytosis involvesopsonizationor recognition of the target andadherenceofthephagocyte to it,engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation ofphagosome,fusionwith lysosomal granules within the phagocyte anddestructionofthe target.25.Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic?Fever and leukocytosisThe only primarysystemicchanges associated with the acute inflammatory response arefever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levelsin circulating plasma proteins.26.The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by thehypothalamus being affected by?Endogenous pyrogensFever-causing cytokines are known asendogenous pyrogens.27.When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions arerelated to elevations of which leukocyte?A.MonocytesB.EosinophilsC.NeutrophilsD.BasophilsNeutrophils

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5Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site,arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria,dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site.28.What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces the destroyed tissueRepair is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue. Scar tissue is primarilymade up of collagen, which fills in the lesion and restores tensile strength but cannotcarry out the physiologic functions of the destroyed tissue.29.When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significantcomplications, the process of returning the cells to pre-injury function is referred to as:ResolutionIf damage is minor with no complications and destroyed tissues are capable ofregeneration, then returning the injured tissues to an approximation of their originalstructure and physiologic function is possible. This restoration is calledresolution.30.The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to?Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.Fibroblasts are the most important cells during the reconstructive phase of woundhealing because they synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissueproteins. Macrophage-derived transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Beta) stimulatesfibroblasts.31.Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of whichproblems?Underlying chronic illness(es) existsIn some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but caninstead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.32.Which cell is thebody’sprimary defense against parasite invasion?EosinophilsEosinophils serve as thebody’sprimary defense against parasites.

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633.Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in theabsorption of which of the following? (select all that apply)•Calcium•Fatty acids•Large polysaccharides•Iron•MagnesiumCalcium, iron, and magnesiumTheflora’sproduction of vitamin K is needed to absorb various ions, such as calcium,iron, and magnesium.34.Anindividual’sacquired-immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (selectall that apply)•T lymphocytes•B lymphocytes•Macrophages•Opsonins•NeutrophilsT lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophagesThese cells along with dendritic cells are involved in acquired-immunity.35.Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to theantigen or after immunization against the antigen?Active-acquired immunityAn individual produces active-acquired immunity (active immunity) after naturalexposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive-acquired immunity(passive immunity) does not involve the host’s immune response at all. The innateimmune system, also known as nonspecific immune system and the first line of defense,is composed of the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by otherorganisms in a nonspecific manner, which means that the cells of the innate systemrecognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way36.What is the role of a natural killer (NK) cells?Elimination of malignant cells

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