Essential Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences Brief Edition Solution Manual

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1Problem SolutionsCHAPTER 11.Descriptive statistics are procedures used to summarize, organize,and make sense of a set of scores or observations, whereas inferen-tial statistics are procedures that allow researchers to infer or gener-alize observations made with samples to the larger population fromwhich they were selected.2.Data describe a set of measurements (made up of raw scores); a rawscore describes individual measurements.3.Samples are selected from populations of interest. Hence, samplesconsist of a portion of individuals in a population of interest.4.Experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational research methods.5.(a) Independent variable. (b) Dependent variable.6.The four scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, andratio. Ratio scale measurements are the most informative.7.Yes. Nominal values are often coded (i.e., converted to numericvalues) when entered into statistical software.8.Interval variablesdo nothave a true zero, and ratio variablesdohave a true zero.9.Amount; Class.10.Continuous and discrete variables.11.(a) Descriptive statistics. (b) Inferential statistics. (c) Descriptive statistics.12.(a) False. (b) True. (c) True.13.No, it is not necessary to make inferences, becauseallindividuals inthe population were observed.14.The statistics class has apopulationof 25 students enrolled, but asampleof only 23 students attended.15.By definition, samples will always be smaller than the population.Samples constitute a subset (or a smaller set of values) than those inthe population.16.An experimental research method because the researcher claims tohave demonstratedcause.17.A correlational research method because pairs of scores (height,income) were measured and compared for each participant.18.(a) Quasi-independent variable. (b) Quasi-independent variable.(c) Independent variable. (d) Independent variable. (e) Quasi-independent variable. (f) Independent variable.19.(a) Sleeping pill (real or fake). (b) Time spent sleeping.•••

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