Solution Manual For Essential Biochemistry, 4th Edition

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1SolutionsChapter 11.a.carboxylic acid;b.amine;c.ester;d.alcohol.2.a.ether;b.phosphoric acid ester;c.thiol;d.ketone.3.Hydroxyl groupImino groupEther linkageCH3ONOH[From Li, S.-Y., Wang, X.-B., and Kong, L.-Y.Eur. J. Med. Chem.71,36–45 (2014).]4.HydroxylCoenzyme QEtherNicotinic acid (niacin)NOCOHH3COOCH3H3COOCH2Vitamin CCarboxylCOHCHCHHOOHHOCarbonylCarbonylEsterOCOCH(CH2CHCCH2)10CH35.Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids are thefour types of biological small molecules. Amino acids, monosacchar-ides, and nucleotides can form polymers of proteins, polysaccharides,and nucleic acids, respectively.6.a.N-acetylglucosamine is a monosaccharide.b.CMP is a nucle-otide.c.Homocysteine is an amino acid.d.Cholesteryl ester is a lipid.7.a.C and H plus some O;b.C, H, and O;c.C, H, O, and N plussmall amounts of S.8.It is a lipid (it is actually lecithin). It is mostly C and H, withrelatively little O and only one N and one P. It has too little O to bea carbohydrate, too little N to be a protein, and too little P to be anucleic acid.9.You should measure the nitrogen content, since this would indi-cate the presence of protein (neither lipids nor carbohydrates containappreciable amounts of nitrogen).10.You could add the compound that contains the most nitrogen,compound B, which is melamine. [Melamine is a substance that inthe past was added to some pet foods and milk products from Chinaso that they would appear to contain more protein. Melamine is toxicto pets and children.] Compound C is an amino acid, so it wouldalready be present in protein-containing food.11.A diet high in protein results in a high urea concentration, sinceurea is the body’s method of ridding itself of extra nitrogen. Nitrogenis found in proteins but is not found in significant amounts in lipidsor carbohydrates. A low-protein diet provides the patient with justenough protein for tissue repair and growth. In the absence of excessprotein consumption, urea production decreases, and this puts lessstrain on the patient’s weakened kidneys.12.Asn has an amido group and Cys has a sulfhydryl group.13.HHOHHOHHOHCH2OHHOHCOHydroxylCarbonyl14.a.Fructose has the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, as glucose.b.Fructose is a ketone, whereas glucose is an aldehyde.15.Uracil has a carbonyl functional group, whereas cytosine has anamino functional group.16.Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous ring,and one or more phosphoryl groups linked covalently together.17.As described in the text, palmitate and cholesterol are highlynonpolar and are therefore insoluble in water. Both are highly aliphatic.Alanine is water soluble because its amino group and carboxylategroup are ionized, which render the molecule “saltlike.” Glucose isalso water soluble because its aldehyde group and many hydroxylgroups are able to form hydrogen bonds with water.18.Glucose has several hydroxyl groups and is a polar molecule.As such, it will have difficulty crossing the nonpolar membrane.The 2,4-dinitrophenol molecule consists of a substituted benzenering and has greater nonpolar character. Of the two molecules, the2,4-dinitrophenol will traverse the membrane more easily.19.DNA forms a more regular structure because DNA consists of onlyfour different nucleotides, whereas proteins are made up of as many as20 different amino acids. In addition, the 20 amino acids have muchmore individual variation in their structures than do the four nucleotides.Both of these factors result in a more regular structure for DNA. The cel-lular role of DNA relies on thesequenceof the nucleotides that make upthe DNA, not on the overall shape of the DNA molecule itself. On theother hand, proteins fold into unique shapes, as illustrated by endothelinin Figure 1.4. The ability of proteins to fold into a wide variety of shapesmeans that proteins can also serve a wide variety of biochemical rolesin the cell. According to Table 1.2, the major roles of proteins in the cellare to carry out metabolic reactions and to support cellular structures.20.Polysaccharides serve as fuel-storage molecules and can alsoserve as structural support for the cell.21.Pancreatic amylase is unable to digest the glycosidic bonds thatlink the glucose residues in cellulose. Figure 1.6 shows the structuraldifferences between starch and cellulose. Pancreatic amylase binds tostarch prior to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond; thusthe enzyme and the starch must have shapes that are complementary.The enzyme would be unable to bind to the cellulose, whose structureis much different from that of starch.22.Cellulose cannot be digested by mammals and therefore the energyyield is 0 kilocalories per gram. Although both starch and glycogen

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