Writing - Writing From Introduction to Conclusion | English

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Study GuideWriting–Writing From Introduction to Conclusion1.Writing: Knowing Where to BeginMany students think their first draft has to be perfect. This is a common misunderstanding. In reality, afirst draft is almost never the final version. Even experienced writers go through several drafts beforethey are happy with their work.1.1Focus on the Big Picture FirstWhen you write your first draft, don’t worry about making everything flawless. Instead, focus on themain parts of your writing:•A clearintroduction•Strongconnections between ideasin each paragraph•A meaningfulconclusionNo matter what topic you are writing about, a good beginning and a strong ending are very important.1.2Writing a Strong IntroductionA good introduction grabs the reader’s attention and explains what the writing will be about. You canmake your introduction interesting by:•Using a quote or short story•Asking a question•Sharing an opinion or an interesting factThe goal is to make the reader want to keep reading.1.3Developing Clear ParagraphsEach paragraph should focus onone main idea. This helps your writing stay organized and easy tounderstand. A strong paragraph:•Stays focused on a single idea•Uses sentences that connect smoothly•Clearly explains the point being made

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Study GuideWhen your ideas flow well, your writing feels clear and confident.Ending with a Strong ConclusionYour final statement should tie everything together. A good conclusion reminds the reader of yourmain points and brings them to a logical ending. It helps your writing feel complete and polished.2.Quiz: Working From a Thesis StatementQuestion 1Which statement isTRUE?Answer Choices• If you know a lot about a topic, the first draft is usually a smooth, flawless final draft.• Most writers revise their work numerous times before creating a polished final draft.• In the first draft, you should concentrate on proofreading the text and writing a clever title.Correct AnswerMost writers revise their work numerous times before creating a polished final draft.Why This Is Correct• Revision is a key part of the writing process.• Strong writing develops through drafting, revising, and editing.Question 2Which of the following isNOTa good way to organize information in writing?Answer Choices• space or time organization• organization by categories• paragraph by paragraph organization

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Study GuideCorrect Answerparagraph by paragraph organizationWhy This Is Correct• Paragraph-by-paragraph does not describe a logical organizing principle.• Effective organization is based on patterns such as time, space, or categories.Question 3If you are writing instructions on how to set up a digital video recorder, theBESTway to organize theinformation would be ________Answer Choices• in a sequential order of procedural steps.• to describe how to arrange components into categories.• Either a, b, or a combination of bothCorrect Answerin a sequential order of procedural steps.Why This Is Correct• Instructions require clear, step-by-step order.• Readers must complete tasks in sequence.Question 4If your assignment is to write a paper comparing the writing style of two authors, which is thebestway to organize the information?

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Study GuideAnswer Choices• First, discuss each author's general style; then include a section in which you compare and contrastthe two authors.• Choose specific elements of their style (tone, language, imagery), then compare and contrast eachelement.• Either a, b, or a combination of bothCorrect AnswerChoose specific elements of their style (tone, language, imagery), then compare and contrasteach element.Why This Is Correct• Element-by-element comparison allows for clearer, deeper analysis.• Readers can easily see similarities and differences.Question 5When a writer presents specific evidence or examples and draws a general conclusion, he or she isusing what pattern of organization?Answer Choices• categorical• deductive• inductiveCorrect AnswerinductiveWhy This Is Correct• Inductive reasoning moves from specific details to a general conclusion.• Evidence leads the reader toward a broader claim.

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Study GuideQuestion 6When a writer begins with a general statement and applies the statement to a specific situation, he orshe is using what pattern of organization?Answer Choices• categorical• deductive• inductiveCorrect AnswerdeductiveWhy This Is Correct• Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle.• The writer then applies it to specific examples.Question 7Fill in the blank:A writer often uses an inductive or deductive arrangement of information if the purpose of thewriting is to ________Answer Choices• persuade.• describe.• induce.Correct Answerpersuade.

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Study GuideWhy This Is Correct• Inductive and deductive reasoning are argumentative strategies.• They are commonly used to convince readers.Question 8Which of the following shows examples oftransitional phrasesthat help the reader move smoothlyfrom one paragraph to the next?Answer Choices• comparison, contrast, categories, inductive, deductive, time-space• on the other hand, at the same time, in contrast, in conclusion• title page, introduction, body, conclusion, bibliographyCorrect Answeron the other hand, at the same time, in contrast, in conclusionWhy This Is Correct• Transitional phrases signal relationships between ideas.• They help readers follow the flow of an argument.3.Outlines: Organizing Your Ideas Before You WriteCreating an outline—either formal or informal—is a helpful way to plan your writing. An outline helpsyou organize your research and arrange your ideas in a clear, logical order. It can also help you spotproblems in your plan early, before you spend timewriting a full paper.Even if you usually write without an outline, try a simple experiment. After finishing a paper, create anoutline based on what you wrote. This can help you see whether your ideas are clear and wellorganized. Many students find that this shows how usefuloutlining really is.

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Study Guide3.1Informal OutlinesAn informal outline is simple and flexible. It is often just a list of your main ideas. You can make itmore detailed by adding short notes under each main point that explain:•Evidence you plan to use•Examples that support your ideasThis process helps you group your notes and thoughts. For many assignments, a simple outline likethis is all you need.Informal outlines are especially helpful for:•Timed writing•Essay examsBy thinking through your ideas and writing them down before you begin, you are less likely to rambleor drift away from the assignment.3.2Formal OutlinesSometimes, you may need a more detailed outline. In some classes, your teacher may even ask youto submit a formal outline along with your paper.A formal outline follows a specific structure:•Roman numerals (I, II, III)are used for main topics•Capital letters (A, B, C)list supporting ideas•Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3)show subtopics•Lowercase letters (a, b, c)include smaller detailsMost word-processing programs can automatically format outlines for you, making this process easier.3.3Keeping Your Outline Clear and LogicalWhen creating an outline, it’s important to keep everything consistent and logical.

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Study GuideUse parallel structure.If one main topic is written as a complete sentence, all main topics should be complete sentences. Ifone subtopic is a phrase, the rest should also be phrases.Check the logic.•Main topics show the basic structure of your essay.•Supporting ideas explain and develop those topics.•Subtopics add details and examples.Make sure every idea belongs where it is placed. Do not include information that does not clearly fitunder its heading.Avoid single items.Each topic or subtopic must have at least two parts. For example:•You cannot have anIwithout anII•You cannot have anAwithout aBIf you see a single item, reconsider where it belongs or divide it into two clearer points.3.4Sentence Outlines and Topic OutlinesThere are two common types of outlines:Sentence OutlinesIn a sentence outline, every topic and subtopic is written as a complete sentence. This type of outlineis very detailed and clearly shows your full ideas.Topic OutlinesIn a topic outline, ideas are written as single words or short phrases. This type is shorter and easier toscan, making it useful for planning.Both types are effective. The best choice depends on your assignment and how detailed yourplanning needs to be.

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Study Guide4.Quiz: OutlinesQuestion 1Complete this statement:Creating an outline BEFORE you begin writing ________Answer Choices• helps you organize your research and create a logical flow to your writing.• helps you see problems and correct them before you spend too much time writing.• Both a and bCorrect AnswerBoth a and bWhy This Is Correct• Outlining organizes ideas and evidence.• It allows writers to identify gaps or problems early.Question 2Which of the following could be an entry in aTOPIC outlinefor a paper about football playoffs?Answer Choices• Every athletic conference should be allowed to schedule playoffs.• Conference playoffs in determining a national champion• Conferences are divided into divisions, which have playoff games.Correct AnswerConference playoffs in determining a national champion

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Study GuideWhy This Is Correct• Topic outlines use brief words or phrases.• Complete sentences belong in sentence outlines.Question 3For a short, timed essay, you should consider using what type of outline and why?Answer Choices• an informal outline, to help you stay focused on the topic and avoid rambling• a formal outline, to show the instructor you know how to do an outline• no outline is necessary to organize information; write as ideas come to mindCorrect Answeran informal outline, to help you stay focused on the topic and avoid ramblingWhy This Is Correct• Time constraints require quick planning.• Informal outlines provide structure without slowing the writer down.Question 4Fill in both blanks:In a sentence outline, all elements are written as ________; in a topic outline, elements arewritten as ________.Answer Choices• complete topic phrases / partial topic phrases• complete sentences / single words or phrases• complete paragraphs / singular nouns

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