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ParaProfessional Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

ParaProfessional Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020) is your go-to guide for passing the exam, covering critical concepts, solved problems, and exam-style questions.

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Summarize some aspects of origin, structure, content, and technique of the haiku as a poetic form, including examples of an original haiku and a modern Western poem influenced by haiku.

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    Reading Haiku was originally a Japanese poetry form. In the 13 th century, haiku was the opening phrase of renga, a 100-stanza oral poem. By the 16 th century, haiku diverged into a separate short poem. When Western writers discovered haiku, the form became popular in English, as well as other languages. A haiku has 17 syllables, traditionally distributed across three lines as 5/7/5, with a pause after the first or second line. Haiku are syllabic and unrhymed. Haiku philosophy and technique are that brevity’s compression forces writers to express images concisely, depict a moment in time, and evoke illumination and enlightenment. An example is 17 th -century haiku master Matsuo Basho’s classic: “An old silent pond… / A frog jumps into the pond, / splash! Silence again.” Modern American poet Ezra Pound revealed the influence of haiku in his two-line poem “In a Station of the Metro”—line 1 has 5+7 syllables, line 2 has 7, but it still preserves haiku’s philosophy and imagistic technique: “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.”

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Describe some aspects of structure and content in some major forms of the literary genre of poetry.

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    Reading From man’s earliest days, he expressed himself with poetry. A large percentage of the surviving literature from ancient times is in epic poetry, utilized by Homer and other Greco-Roman poets. Epic poems typically recount heroic deeds and adventures, using stylized language and combining dramatic and lyrical conventions. Epistolary poems also developed in ancient times: poems that are written and read as letters. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the ballad became a popular convention. Ballads are often structured with rhyme and meter and focus on subjects such as love, death, and religious topics. From these early conventions, numerous other poetic forms developed, such as elegies, odes, and pastoral poems. Elegies are mourning poems written in three parts: lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for loss. Odes evolved from songs to the typical poem of the Romantic time period, expressing strong feelings and contemplative thoughts. Pastoral poems idealize nature and country living. Poetry can also be used to make short, pithy statements. Epigrams (memorable rhymes with one or two lines) and limericks (two lines of iambic dimeter followed by two lines of iambic dimeter and another of iambic trimeter) are known for humor and wit.

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Identify some elements and examples of four major forms of the literary genre of novels. Visit mometrix.com/academy for a related video. Enter video code: 565543

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    Reading Historical fiction is set in particular historical periods, including prehistoric and mythological. Examples include Walter Scott’s Rob Roy and Ivanhoe ; Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace; Robert Graves’ I, Claudius; Mary Renault’s The King Must Die and The Bull from the Sea (an historical novel using Greek mythology); Virginia Woolf’s Orlando and Between the Acts; and John Dos Passos’s U.S.A trilogy . Picaresque novels recount episodic adventures of a rogue protagonist or pícaro, like Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote or Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones. Gothic novels originated as a reaction against 18 th -century Enlightenment rationalism, featuring horror, mystery, superstition, madness, supernatural elements, and revenge. Early examples include Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto, Matthew Gregory Lewis’ Monk , Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , and Bram Stoker’s Dracula. In America, Edgar Allan Poe wrote many Gothic works. Contemporary novelist Anne Rice has penned many Gothic novels under the pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure. Psychological novels, originating in 17 th -century France, explore characters’ motivations. Examples include Abbé Prévost’s Manon Lescaut; George Eliot’s novels; Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment; Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina; Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary; and the novels of Henry James, James Joyce, and Vladimir Nabokov.

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Summarize some characteristics of the sonnet as a form of poetry, including brief histories and structures of two different types of sonnets and summaries of variations. Visit mometrix.com/academy for a related video. Enter video code: 451705

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    Reading The sonnet traditionally has 14 lines of iambic pentameter, tightly organized around a theme. The Petrarchan sonnet, named for 14 th - century Italian poet Petrarch, has an eight-line stanza, the octave, and a six-line stanza, the sestet. There is a change or turn, known as the volta, between the eighth and ninth verses, setting up the sestet’s answer or summary. The rhyme scheme is ABBA/ABBA/CDECDE or CDCDCD. The English or Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and one couplet, with the rhyme scheme ABAB/CDCD/EFEF/GG. This format better suits English, which has fewer rhymes than Italian. The final couplet often contrasts sharply with the preceding quatrains, as in Shakespeare’s sonnets—for example, Sonnet 130, “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun…And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare.” Variations on the sonnet form include Edmund Spenser’s Spenserian sonnet in the 16 th century, John Milton’s Miltonic sonnet in the 17 th century, and sonnet sequences. Sonnet sequences are seen in works such as John Donne’s La Corona and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese .

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Summarize the origin of Western-world sentimental novels. Give some examples of sentimental novels and novels containing sentimental elements.

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    Reading Sentimental love novels originated in the movement of Romanticism. Eighteenth-century examples of novels that depict emotional rather than only physical love include Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) and Jean- Jacques Rousseau’s Nouvelle Héloïse (1761). Also in the 18 th century, Laurence Sterne’s novel Tristram Shandy (1760-1767) is an example of a novel with elements of sentimentality. The Victorian era’s rejection of emotionalism caused the term “sentimental” to have undesirable connotations. Even non-sentimental novelists such as William Makepeace Thackeray and Charles Dickens incorporated sentimental elements in their writing. A 19 th -century author of genuinely sentimental novels was Mrs. Henry Wood (e.g., East Lynne, 1861). In the 20 th century, Erich Segal’s sentimental novel Love Story (1970) was a popular bestseller.

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Discuss some aspects that define the novel of manners, including some examples.

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    Reading Novels of manners are fictional stories that observe, explore, and analyze the social behaviors of a specific time and place. While deep psychological themes are more universal across different historical periods and countries, the manners of a particular society are shorter- lived and more varied; the novel of manners captures these societal details. Novels of manners can also be regarded as symbolically representing, in artistic form, certain established and secure social orders. Characteristics of novels of manners include descriptions of a society with defined behavioral codes; the use of standardized, impersonal formulas in their language; and inhibition of emotional expression, as contrasted with the strong emotions expressed in romantic or sentimental novels. Jane Austen’s detailed descriptions of English society and characters struggling with the definitions and restrictions placed on them by society are excellent models of the novel of manners. In the 20 th century, Evelyn Waugh’s Handful of Dust is a novel of social manners, and his Sword of Honour trilogy is a novel of military manners. Another 20 th -century example is The Unbearable Bassington by Saki (the pen name of writer H. H. Munro), focusing on Edwardian society.

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    Reading © Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/parapro ParaPro Assessment Define pastoral novels as a form of the genre. Identify ancient influences, including an example. Give some examples of earlier and later Western works with pastoral influences, and discuss the influences that changed pastoral literature.

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    Reading Pastoral novels lyrically idealize country life as idyllic and utopian, akin to the Garden of Eden. Daphnis and Chloe , written by Greek novelist Longus around the second or third century, influenced Elizabethan pastoral romances like Thomas Lodge’s Rosalynde (1590), which inspired Shakespeare’s As You Like It , and Philip Sidney’s Arcadia (1590). Jacques-Henri Bernardin de St. Pierre’s French work Paul et Virginie (1787) demonstrated the early Romantic view of the innocence and goodness of nature. Though the style lost popularity by the 20 th century, pastoral elements can still be seen in novels like The Rainbow (1915) and Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928), both by D. H. Lawrence. Growing realism transformed pastoral writing into less ideal and more dystopian, distasteful and ironic depictions of country life in George Eliot’s and Thomas Hardy’s novels. Saul Bellow’s novel Herzog (1964) may demonstrate how urban ills highlight an alternative pastoral ideal. The pastoral style is commonly thought to be overly idealized and outdated today, as seen in Stella Gibbons’ pastoral satire, Cold Comfort Farm (1932).

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