LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide: Exam 010 v1.6, 3rd Edition (2020)
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LPI Linux Essentials Study Guide Third Edition Christine Bresnahan Richard Blum
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Copyright © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-1-119-65769-9 ISBN: 978-1-119-65770-5 (ebk.) ISBN: 978-1-119-65771-2 (ebk.) Manufactured in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions . Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com . For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com . Library of Congress Control Number: 2019955498 TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
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Dedicated to the loving memory of Kevin E. Ryan, our longtime technical editor and friend. Kevin's gentle correction and guidance helped make our work better. His contributions will be missed. “As iron sharpens iron, so one man sharpens another.” Proverbs 27:17 (NIV)
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Acknowledgments First, all glory and praise go to God, who through His Son, Jesus Christ, makes all things possible, and gives us the gift of eternal life. Many thanks go to the fantastic team of people at Sybex for their outstanding work on this project. Thanks to Devon Lewis, the acquisitions editor, for offering us the opportunity to work on this book. Also thanks to Stephanie Barton, the development editor, for keeping things on track and making the book more presentable. Thanks, Steph, for all your hard work and diligence. The technical editor, Jason Eckert, did a wonderful job of double-checking all the work in the book in addition to making suggestions to improve the content. We would also like to thank Carole Jelen at Waterside Productions, Inc., for arranging this opportunity for us and for helping us out in our writing careers. Christine would particularly like to thank her husband, Timothy, for his encouragement, patience, and willingness to listen, even when he has no idea what she is talking about. Rich would particularly like to thank his wife, Barbara, for enduring his grouchy attitude during this project and helping to keep up his spirits with baked goods.
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About the Authors Christine Bresnahan started working with computers more than 30 years ago in the IT industry as a systems administrator. Christine is an adjunct professor at Ivy Tech Community College, where she teaches Linux certification and Python programming classes. She also writes books and produces instructional resources for the classroom. Richard Blum has also worked in the IT industry for more than 30 years as both a system and network administrator, and he has published numerous Linux and open source books. Rich is an online instructor for Linux and web programming courses that are used by colleges and universities across the United States. When he is not being a computer nerd, Rich enjoys spending time with his wife, Barbara, and his two daughters, Katie and Jessica.
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CONTENTS Cover Acknowledgments About the Authors Introduction Assessment Test Answers to Assessment Test Chapter 1 Selecting an Operating System What Is an OS? Investigating User Interfaces Where Does Linux Fit in the OS World? What Is a Distribution? Embedded Linux Systems Linux in the Cloud Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 2 Understanding Software Licensing Investigating Software Licenses Looking at the Free Software Foundation Looking at the Open Source Initiative Looking at the Creative Commons Using Open Source Licenses Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 3 Investigating Linux’s Principles and Philosophy Linux Through the Ages
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Using Open Source Software Understanding OS Roles Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 4 Using Common Linux Programs Using a Linux Desktop Environment Working with Productivity Software Using Server Programs Managing Programming Languages Handling Software Packages Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 5 Getting to Know the Command Line Starting a Command Line Running Programs Using Shell Features Getting Help Using Man Pages Review Questions Chapter 6 Managing Hardware Learning About Your CPU Identifying Motherboard Capabilities Sizing Your Power Supply Understanding Disk Issues Managing Displays Handling USB Devices Managing Drivers Summary
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Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 7 Managing Files Understanding Where Things Go Exploring Files and Directories Manipulating Files Manipulating Directories Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 8 Searching, Extracting, and Archiving Data Using Regular Expressions Searching For and Extracting Data Redirecting Input and Output Archiving Data Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 9 Exploring Processes and Process Data Understanding Package Management Understanding the Process Hierarchy Identifying Running Processes Using Log Files Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 10 Editing Files Understanding the Role of Text Files Choosing an Editor
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Editing Files with nano Editing Files with vi Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 11 Creating Scripts Beginning a Shell Script Using Commands Using Arguments Using Variables Using Conditional Expressions Using Loops Using Functions Setting the Script’s Exit Value Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 12 Understanding Basic Security Understanding Accounts Using Account Tools Working as root Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 13 Creating Users and Groups Creating New Accounts Modifying Accounts Deleting Accounts Managing Groups
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Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 14 Setting Ownership and Permissions Setting Ownership Setting Permissions Using Special Permission Bits and File Features Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Chapter 15 Managing Network Connections Configuring Network Features Basic Network Troubleshooting Advanced Network Troubleshooting Summary Exam Essentials Review Questions Appendix A Answers to Review Questions Chapter 1: Selecting an Operating System Chapter 2: Understanding Software Licensing Chapter 3: Investigating Linux’s Principles and Philosophy Chapter 4: Using Common Linux Programs Chapter 5: Getting to Know the Command Line Chapter 6: Managing Hardware Chapter 7: Managing Files Chapter 8: Searching, Extracting, and Archiving Data Chapter 9: Exploring Processes and Process Data Chapter 10: Editing Files Chapter 11: Creating Scripts
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Chapter 12: Understanding Basic Security Chapter 13: Creating Users and Groups Chapter 14: Setting Ownership and Permissions Chapter 15: Managing Network Connections Appendix B Setting Up a Linux Environment Index End User License Agreement List of Tables Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Chapter 8 Table 8.1 Table 8.2
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Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table 8.5 Table 8.6 Table 8.7 Table 8.8 Table 8.9 Table 8.10 Table 8.11 Chapter 9 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Chapter 12 Table 12.1 Chapter 13 Table 13.1 Table 13.2 Table 13.3 Chapter 14 Table 14.1 Table 14.2 Table 14.3 Chapter 15 Table 15.1 List of Illustrations
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Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Some text-mode programs take over the entire display. Figure 1.2 Graphical login screens on Linux are similar to those for Windows or macOS. Figure 1.3 Linux desktop environments provide the types of GUI controls that most users ex... Figure 1.4 Cloud computing methods Figure 1.5 The IaaS cloud model Figure 1.6 The PaaS cloud model Figure 1.7 The SaaS cloud model Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 A typical Linux desktop login screen where you choose the user account Figure 4.2 GUI login managers usually provide a selection of desktop environments from whi... Figure 4.3 With panels you can launch popular programs in GNOME and some other desktop env... Figure 4.4 Cinnamon’s desktop interface provides launch methods similar to those available... Figure 4.5 GNOME Files provides a view of your files similar to that in other OSs’ file ma... Figure 4.6 You can star folders to enable quick access to directories that interest you. Figure 4.7 GNOME Files lets you associate document types with applications. Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Reaching a terminal via a menu on Cinnamon Figure 5.2 Reaching a terminal via a search on GNOME
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Figure 5.3 GNOME’s Terminal program is typical and is dominated by a textual display are... Figure 5.4 Reaching and logging into a VT Figure 5.5 Launching Firefox in the background to allow use of both the web browser and ... Figure 5.6 The formatting of man pages helps you locate information quickly. Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Disk partitions are often visualized as boxes within a hard disk. Figure 6.2 GParted, like other GUI disk partitioning tools, provides a graphical represe... Figure 6.3 Linux file managers enable you to unmount removable media. Figure 6.4 Most desktop environments provide GUI tools to help you set your display’s re... Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 In Linux, all files are referred to relative to a single root ( / ) directory. Chapter 8 Figure 8.1 Sorting a numeric data list Figure 8.2 Using cat to display and concatenate files Figure 8.3 Creating an archive tarball Chapter 9 Figure 9.1 Most Linux distributions tell you when updates are available for your software.... Figure 9.2 Synaptic enables you to search for, select, install, and uninstall software on ... Figure 9.3 Linux processes are arranged in a hierarchical
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tree. Figure 9.4 The top command shows system summary information and information about the mo... Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 The nano editor enables you to edit a text file in text mode. Figure 10.2 The nano editor launched with no filename provided. Figure 10.3 The last line of a vi display is a status line that shows messages from the p... Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Locating the Users and Groups account tool on Linux Mint Figure 12.2 The Users and Groups account tool provides minimal account information. Figure 12.3 Administrative tools in the GUI ask for a password when administrator privilege... Chapter 13 Figure 13.1 The Linux Mint User and Groups Administration utility provides many options for... Figure 13.2 You can enter all the basic account information using this dialog. Figure 13.3 Set the user account’s password using the Change Password dialog. Figure 13.4 The User and Groups Administration utility enables you to edit a few account pr... Figure 13.5 The Users utility enables users to change their own passwords. Figure 13.6 When you delete an account with a GUI utility, you are typically asked to confi...
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Figure 13.7 The User and Groups Administration utility enables you to manage groups as well... Figure 13.8 You can add users to a group after creating the group. Chapter 14 Figure 14.1 Linux file managers give you access to the file’s ownership and permission me... Figure 14.2 A symbolic representation of file permissions is broken into four parts. Chapter 15 Figure 15.1: Network Manager showing a wireless network connection Figure 15.2: The Network Connections dialog Figure 15.3: The Network Manager nmtui command-line tool
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Introduction This book you hold in your hands provides a solid introduction to the Linux operating system. As its title suggests, it will give you the essential knowledge to begin using and managing this powerful operating system (OS), which is an important one in today’s computing world. The Linux Professional Institute, or LPI ( lpi.org ), offers a series of Linux certifications. These certifications aim to provide proof of skill levels for employers; if you’ve passed a particular certification, you should be competent to perform certain tasks on Linux computers. The LPI exams include Linux Essentials, LPIC-1, LPIC-2, and the LPIC-3 series. As the name implies, the Linux Essentials exam is the lowest level of the four exams, covering the most basic tasks of using and administering a Linux computer. The purpose of this book is to help you pass the Linux Essentials exam, updated in 2019 to version 1.6. The Linux Essentials exam is meant to certify that you: Understand the open source industry Have knowledge of the most popular open source applications Understand the major components of Linux Can work at the Linux command line Have basic knowledge of security and administration-related concepts Know where to go for help Why Become Linux Certified? With the growing popularity of Linux (and the increase in Linux- related jobs) comes hype. With all the hype that surrounds Linux it’s become hard for employers to distinguish between employees who are
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competent Linux users and those who just know the buzzwords. This is where the Linux Essentials certification comes in. With a Linux Essentials certification, you will establish yourself as a Linux user who is familiar with the Linux platform and its applications and who can use any type of Linux system. LPI has created the Linux Essentials exams as a way for employers to have confidence in knowing their employees who pass the exam will have the skills necessary to get the job done. How to Become Certified The certification is available to anyone who passes the LPI Linux Essentials required exam. The current version of the exam is version 1.6 and is denoted as 010-160. The exam is administered by Pearson VUE. The exam can be taken at any Pearson VUE testing center. If you pass, you will get a certificate in the mail saying that you have passed. To register for the exam with Pearson VUE register online at home.pearsonvue.com . You’ll have to provide your name, mailing address, phone number, employer, when and where you want to take the test (which testing center), and your credit card number (arrangement for payment must be made at the time of registration). Who Should Buy This Book You may have been assigned this book for a class that you’re taking, but if not, it can still have value for self-study or as a supplement to other resources. If you’re new to Linux, this book covers the material that you will need to learn the OS from the beginning. You can pick up this book and learn from it even if you’ve never used Linux before. If you’re already familiar with Linux, you’ll have a leg up on many of the topics described in these pages.
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This book is written with the assumption that you know at least a little about computers generally, such as how to use a keyboard, how to insert a disc into an optical drive, and so on. Chances are that you have used computers in a substantial way in the past—perhaps even Linux, as an ordinary user—or maybe you have used Windows or macOS. We do not assume that you have knowledge of how to use a Linux system. It will also help to have a Linux system available to follow along with. Each chapter contains a simple exercise that will walk you through the basic concepts presented in the chapter. This provides the crucial hands-on experience that you’ll need, both to pass the exam and to do well in the Linux world. Although the LPI Linux Essentials exam is Linux distribution neutral, it’s impossible to write exercises that work in all Linux distributions. That said, the exercises in this book assume you have a learning environment similar to the one described in Appendix B “Setting up a Linux Environment.”
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How This Book Is Organized This book consists of 15 chapters, two appendixes, plus this introduction and the assessment test after the introduction. The chapters are organized as follows: Chapter 1, “Selecting an Operating System,” provides a birds-eye view of the world of operating systems. The chapter will help you understand exactly what Linux is and the situations in which you might want to use it. Chapter 2, “Understanding Software Licensing,” describes copyright law and the licenses that both Linux and non-Linux OSs use to expand or restrict users’ rights to use and copy software. Chapter 3, “Investigating Linux’s Principles and Philosophy,” covers Linux’s history and the ways in which Linux, and other OSs, are commonly used. Chapter 4, “Using Common Linux Programs,” looks at the major categories of Linux software, and it provides pointers to some of the most popular Linux programs. Chapter 5, “Getting to Know the Command Line,” tackles using typed commands to control Linux. Although many new users find this topic intimidating, command-line control of Linux is important. Chapter 6, “Managing Hardware,” provides advice on how to select and use hardware in Linux. Specific topics range from the central processing unit (CPU) to device drivers. Chapter 7, “Managing Files,” describes how to move, rename, delete, and edit files. Directories are just a special type of file, so they are covered here as well. Chapter 8, “Searching, Extracting, and Archiving Data,” summarizes the tools that you can use to find data on your computer, as well as how you can manipulate data archive files for data transport and backup purposes.
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Chapter 9, “Exploring Processes and Process Data,” describes how to install programs in Linux and how to adjust the priority of running programs or terminate selected programs. Chapter 10, “Editing Files,” introduces the topic of editing text files. This includes the basic features of the nano and vi text-mode text editors, as well as some common configuration file and formatted text file conventions. Chapter 11, “Creating Scripts,” describes how to create simple scripts, which are programs that can run other programs. You can use scripts to help automate otherwise tedious manual tasks, thus improving your productivity. Chapter 12, “Understanding Basic Security,” introduces the concepts that are critical to understanding Linux’s multiuser nature. It also covers super user privileges, which Linux uses for most administrative tasks. Chapter 13, “Creating Users and Groups,” covers the software and procedures you use to create, modify, and delete accounts and groups, which define who may use the computer. Chapter 14, “Setting Ownership and Permissions,” describes how to control which users may access files and in what ways they may do so. In conjunction with users and groups, ownership and permissions control your computer’s security. Chapter 15, “Managing Network Connections,” covers the critical topic of telling Linux how to use a network, including testing the connection and some basic network security measures. Each chapter begins with a list of the exam objectives that are covered in that chapter. The book doesn’t cover the objectives in order. Thus, you shouldn’t be alarmed at some of the odd ordering of the objectives within the book. At the end of each chapter, you’ll find a couple of elements you can use to prepare for the exam: Exam Essentials This section summarizes important information that was covered in the chapter. You should be able to perform each of the tasks or convey the information requested.
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Review Questions Each chapter concludes with 10 review questions. You should answer these questions and check your answers against the ones provided in Appendix A. If you can’t answer at least 80 percent of these questions correctly, go back and review the chapter, or at least those sections that seem to be giving you difficulty. The review questions, assessment test, and other testing elements included in this book are not derived from the actual exam questions, so don’t memorize the answers to these questions and assume that doing so will enable you to pass the exam. You should learn the underlying topic, as described in the text of the book. This will let you answer the questions provided with this book and pass the exam. Learning the underlying topic is also the approach that will serve you best in the workplace—the ultimate goal of a certification. To get the most out of this book, you should read each chapter from start to finish and then check your memory and understanding with the chapter-end elements. Even if you’re already familiar with a topic, you should skim the chapter; Linux is complex enough that there are often multiple ways to accomplish a task, so you may learn something even if you’re already competent in an area. Additional Study Tools Readers of this book can access a website that contains several additional study tools, including the following: Readers can access these tools by visiting wiley.com/go/sybextestprep . Sample Tests All the questions in this book are there, including the assessment test at the end of this introduction and the questions from the review sections at the end of each chapter. In addition, there are two bonus exams.
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Electronic Flashcards The additional study tools include questions in flashcard format (a question followed by a single correct answer). You can use these flashcards to review your knowledge of the exam objectives. Glossary of Terms as a PDF File In addition, there is a searchable glossary in PDF format, which can be read on all platforms that support PDF. Conventions Used in This Book This book uses certain typographic styles in order to help you quickly identify important information and to avoid confusion over the meaning of words such as onscreen prompts. In particular, look for the following styles: Italicized text indicates key terms that are described at length for the first time in a chapter. (Italics are also used for emphasis.) A monospaced font indicates the contents of configuration files, messages displayed at a text-mode Linux shell prompt, filenames, text-mode command names, and Internet URLs. Italicized monospaced text indicates a variable—information that differs from one system or command run to another, such as the name of a client computer or a process ID number. Bold monospaced text is information that you’re to type into the computer, usually at a Linux shell prompt. This text can also be italicized to indicate that you should substitute an appropriate value for your system. (When isolated on their own lines, commands are preceded by non-bold monospaced $ or # command prompts, denoting regular user or system administrator use, respectively.) In addition to these text conventions, which can apply to individual words or entire paragraphs, a few conventions highlight segments of text:
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A note indicates information that’s useful or interesting but that’s somewhat peripheral to the main text. A note might be relevant to a small number of networks, for instance, or it may refer to an outdated feature. A tip provides information that can save you time or frustration and that may not be entirely obvious. A tip might describe how to get around a limitation or how to use a feature to perform an unusual task. Warnings describe potential pitfalls or dangers. If you fail to heed a warning, you may end up spending a lot of time recovering from a bug, or you may even end up restoring your entire system from scratch. Exercise An exercise is a procedure you should try on your own computer to help you learn about the material in the chapter. Don’t limit yourself to the procedures described in the exercises, though! Try other commands and procedures to really learn about Linux.
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A real-world scenario is a type of sidebar that describes a task or example that’s particularly grounded in the real world. This may be a situation I or somebody I know has encountered, or it may be advice on how to work around problems that are common in real, working Linux environments. The Exam Objectives Behind every computer industry exam you can be sure to find exam objectives—the broad topics in which exam developers want to ensure your competency. The official exam objectives are listed here. (They’re also printed at the start of the chapters in which they’re covered.) Exam objectives are subject to change at any time without prior notice and at LPI’s sole discretion. Please visit LPI’s website ( lpi.org ) for the most current listing of exam objectives. Exam 010-160 Objectives The following are the areas in which you must be proficient in order to pass the Linux Essentials 010-160 exam. This exam is broken into five main topics, each of which has three to eight objectives. Each objective has an associated weight, which reflects its importance to the exam as a whole. Refer to the LPI website to view the weights associated with each objective. The five main topics are as follows: Subject Area 1 The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source 2 Finding Your Way on a Linux System 3 The Power of the Command Line 4 The Linux Operating System 5 Security and File Permissions
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Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source 1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems (Chapters 1 and 3) Knowledge of Linux development and major distributions Key knowledge areas: Distributions: Embedded Systems Linux in the Cloud 1.2 Major Open Source Applications (Chapter 4) Awareness of major applications as well as their uses and development Key knowledge areas: Desktop applications Server applications Development languages Package management tools and repositories 1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing (Chapter 2) Open communities and licensing Open Source Software for business Key knowledge areas: Open source philosophy Open source licensing Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI) 1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux (Chapters 4 and 5) Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills
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and working in Linux Key knowledge areas: Desktop skills Getting to the command line Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System 2.1 Command Line Basics (Chapters 5, 7 and 11) Basics of using the Linux command line Key knowledge areas: Basic shell Command line syntax Variables Quoting 2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help (Chapter 5) Running help commands and navigation of the various help systems Key knowledge areas: Man pages Info pages 2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files (Chapter 7) Navigation of home and system directories and listing files in various locations Key knowledge areas: Files, directories Hidden files and directories
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Home directories Absolute and relative paths 2.4 Creating, Moving, and Deleting Files (Chapter 7) Create, move, and delete files and directories under the home directory. Key knowledge areas: Files and directories Case sensitivity Simple globbing Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line 3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line (Chapter 8) Archiving files in the user home directory Key knowledge areas: Files, directories Archives, compression 3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files (Chapters 5 and 8) Search and extract data from files in the home directory. Key knowledge areas: Command line pipes I/O redirection Basic Regular Expressions using . , [ ] , * , and ? 3.3 Turning Commands into a Script (Chapters 10 and 11) Turning repetitive commands into simple scripts Key knowledge areas: Basic shell scripting
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Awareness of common text editors ( vi and nano ) Topic 4: The Linux Operating System 4.1 Choosing an Operating System (Chapter 1) Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions Key knowledge areas: Differences between Windows, OS X, and Linux Distribution life cycle management 4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware (Chapter 6) Familiarity with the components that go into building desktop and server computers Key knowledge areas: Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals Hard drives, solid state disks and partitions, /dev/sd * Drivers 4.3 Where Data Is Stored (Chapters 7 and 9) Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system Key knowledge areas: Programs and configuration Processes Memory addresses System messaging Logging 4.4 Your Computer on the Network (Chapter 15) Querying vital networking configuration and determining the
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