NBDHE Flashcard Study System: NBDHE Test Practice Questions and Exam Review (2020)

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamDescribe the bones of the skull.

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Head and Neck AnatomyThe bones of an adult are joined (sutured) to protect the brain, and theeyes, and to form the nasal passages. The occipital bone is the posteriorbone with a foramen which allows the nerves of the spinal cord to reachthe brain. The lateral parts of this bone join the first vertebra of thespine. The frontal bone forms the upper part of the forehead, the areaaround the eyes and the eyebrows. This bone joins the parietal andtemporal bones to form the sides of the head and the face. The sphenoidbone is at the center of the skull and extends to the other bones of theskull to support the nerves and blood vessels that supply the face, teeth,tongue, eyes, and ears. The ethmoid is a single bone that houses the nasalcavity and the sinuses.

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamDescribe the dental hygiene regulating body.

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Head and Neck AnatomyDental hygiene practice is regulated by the American Dental Association,and hygienists work under the supervision of a dentist. Different stateshave different rules about how closely the dentist supervises thehygienist. The state board of dental examiners in each state controls theclinical requirements for licensure, usually choosing to send candidatesto one of the regional boards for clinical exams.They are Central Regional Dental Testing Service, Northeast RegionalBoard of Dental Examiners, Southern Regional Testing Agency, andWestern Regional Examining Board. The Joint Commission on NationalDental Examinations conducts written exams each year to testcandidates on academic knowledge. Each state tests candidatesregarding ethics and laws of the state in which the candidate wishes topractice.

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamExplain how the temporomandibular joint functions anddysfunctions.

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Head and Neck AnatomyThe TMJ is the joint of the temporal bone with the condyle of themandible. Working properly, it allows the mandible to move forward, tomove backward, to move up and down, and to move side to side. Themeniscus or fibrous disc, which looks like a doughnut of tendon with athin membrane covering the doughnut hole moves between synovialfluid under the temporal fossa and floats on synovial fluid at the top ofthe condyle, cushions both bones. It can tear or become displaced andcause pain. Sometimes malocclusion of the teeth can put strain on themuscles that control the TMJ and cause pain or damage. Congenitalmalformations, bone degeneration caused by arthritis, or tumors alsocause dysfunction.

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamLocate the bones of the face.

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Head and Neck AnatomyThe maxilla forms the roof of the mouth and contains sinuses, thezygomatic process (or cheek bone), frontal process, palatine process, andorbital process. They join the bones that give them their names, theinfraorbital foramen which allows the maxillary nerve to reach themaxillary teeth, and the maxillary tuberosity immediately behind themaxillary third molar. The maxillary tuberosity contains the posteriorsuperior alveolar foramina that allows the superior alveolar nerves,veins, and arteries to reach the maxillary teeth and gingival.

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamExplain how the muscles of facial expressions work.

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Head and Neck AnatomyThe muscles that allow facial expressions are attached to various bonesand to the soft tissues of the face. They exchange information through thefacial nerve (CN VII). Theorbicularis oriscircles the mouth and pursesthe lips. The termdepressorrefers to lowering action;angulirefersto anangle,orisrefers to the mouth andlabiirefers to lips. Therefore,depressor labii inferiorisdepresses the angle of the lower lip.Mentalisrefers to the chin. Thebuccinator musclepulls the lip to the side andhelps to keep food on the occlusal surface of the teeth while chewing.Risorius musclewidens the mouth.Levator labii superioris alaeque nasimusclesraise the upper lip and the ala of the nose.Zygomaticus majorandminorraises the angle of the mouth.Platysmapulls down the mouthand raises the skin of the neck.Orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, andfrontal belly of epicranius musclesclose the eyelid, cause frown lines, andraise the eyebrows.

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Head and Neck AnatomyMuscles of mastication are those that enable the person to open andclose, and perform other movements of the mandible. This allows theperson to speak, and to swallow food after he/she chews, or masticates,his/her food. These muscles receive sensation and “orders” from thebrain through the motor branch of the trigeminal (V3) nerve. Thetemporalismuscle is shaped like a fan reaching from the floor of thetemporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible. Themassetermuscle is attached to the zygomatic arch and to the angle and bottom ofthe ramus.Medialandlateral pterygoidmuscles originate on the lateralpterygoid plate and the superior head of the sphenoid bone. They attachat the angle of the mandible. These muscles must work together like awell-practiced orchestra if the mandible is to raise, lower, and move sideto side smoothly.

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Head and Neck Anatomy© Mometrix Media - flashcardsecrets.com/nbdheNBDHE ExamThe mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve has three mainbranches that provide sensation to the mandibular teeth. Listthose three and the teeth to which they provide sensation.

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Head and Neck AnatomyThe mandibular branch is composed of the anterior trunk (buccal nerveand muscular branches) and the posterior trunk (auriculotemporal,lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves). The inferior alveolar nerve followsthe mandibular canal before forming two further branches: the incisivenerve spreads into branches that provide sensation to the mandibularanterior teeth and around the periodontium. The mental nerve separatesfrom the incisive nerve and exits the mandibular canal at the mentalforamen. It forms branches to provide sensation to the facial gingiva ofthe mandibular anterior teeth, the chin, the lower lip, and the labialmucosa. The buccal nerve provides sensation to the facial gingiva of themandibular molars and premolars. The lingual nerve provides sensationto the floor of the mouth, the tongue, and the mandibular lingual gingiva

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