The Elements Of Reasoning, 6th Edition Solution Manual

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1The Elements of Reasoning(Sixth Edition)Solutionsto ExercisesChapter 1A.(p. 10)1.Not an argument. No claim here is intended to provide support for anyother.2.A simple argument. Although there are no indicator terms,the conclusion-“we were wise when we ceased the routine vaccination of children”–isevidently intended to follow from the other two claims.3.A complex argument. In the first sentence, the wordsoindicates that whatfollows is a conclusion drawn from the previous claim. This conclusion inturn is a premise for “the job will go to Herbert”, as indicated by theconclusion indicator wordthus.4.Not an argument.This is a description of a series of procedures andobservations.5.A simpleargument. Although there are no indicator words, the first threeclaims are each independent evidence for the last claim.6.A complex argument. The second claim is intended to follow from the first,as indicated by the wordthus; and the last sentence contains the conclusionindicating phrase“that makes it obvious that”introducing the finalconclusion “computers think”.7.Not an argument.8.A simple argument. No indicator words, but the conclusion is “the Taipeistudy doesn’t establish its conclusion at all”.9.Not an argument.

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210.A simple argument. The conclusion is “you should stop killing every spideryou see”.11.A simple argument. The first two sentences are claims intended to providesupport for the last sentence.12.A simple argument. The conclusion here is a claim disguised as a command.13.A simple argument. The quoted passage constitutes the man’s support forthe conclusion that his wife had the right to commit suicide.14.Not an argument.15.A simple argument. The conclusion is “we should not have a constitutionalamendment banning flag burning.” The following claims are all in supportof this conclusion.16.Not an argument, but a description of a series of events. In the last sentence,thusmeans “in this way”.17.A simple argument. We should regard “ritual or habitual cannibalism iseither rare or non-existent” as the conclusion. What follows this claim is thesupport for it.18.Not an argument.19.There appear to be two distinct arguments here, one complex and onesimple. The conclusion is the same in each case: there should be copyrightlaws. The complex argument goes like this: compensating peopleencourages more creative works and our society benefits form these works;thereforepeople have a right to compensation for their creative work;thereforethere should be copyright laws. The simple argument is a littleharder to see, but try this: if there were no copyright laws then the onlycreativeworks would be those arising from the support of government andrich patrons; but there should be creative work arising other than from thesupport of government and rich patrons;thereforethere should be copyrightlaws.

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320.A simple argument. “It forms a strong presumption” operates as a kind ofconclusion indicator. Here the conclusion is “there are no miracles.”B.(p. 12)1.Unstated premise: anything that deliberately leads us to see an ordinaryobject in a new and interesting way is a genuine work of art.2.Unstated premise: Tuesday is the day of the test.3.Unstated conclusion:Lopez ought to resign.4.Unstated premise: Tiny is a pit bull.5.Unstated conclusion: there is no justification for allowing Hovey to compete.6.Unstated premise: taking a life is murder.7.Unstated premise: any case oftaking the life ofa living human being ismurder.8.Unstated premise: any war (or perhaps anything at all) that causes thesuffering of innocent people is unjust.9.Unstated conclusion: I should not completely trust my senses.10.Unstated premise: to count as a sport, an activity requires foot speed,stamina, or quick reflexes.11.Unstated conclusion:there is no god.12.Unstated premise: all forms of expression areconstitutionally protected.13.Unstated premise: anything that is offensive to a lot of us should beoutlawed.14.Unstatedpremise:anyone who takes a life should lose their life.

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415.Unstated premise: if at one time there was nothing in existence, then nowthere would be nothing in existence(nothing comes from nothing).16.An atheist is someone who denies theistic claims.17.Unstated premise: the table itself does not change as I change myperspective.18.Unstated conclusion: animals do not reason.19.Unstated conclusion: the killer was Colonel Sebastian Moran.20.Anything desired by everyone is desirable.Chapter 2A.(p. 24)1.An explanation.2.An argument.3.An explanation.4.Neither.5.An explanation.6.Anargument.7.Neither.8.An argument.9.Neither.

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510.An explanation.11.An argument.12.An explanation.13.Neither.14.Neither.15.An explanation.16.An argument.17.Neither.18.An argument.19.An explanation.It is unlikely(though not impossible) that anyone wouldarguefor the conclusion that Allen is very ill on the grounds that he wasbitten by a rattlesnake. More likely, is illness is already a recognized fact andthe snake bite is the explanation of that fact.20.An explanation.Again, it is likely that the deaths of thousands would be afact known prior to the claim about farming methods; that claim constitutesan explanation of the deaths.B.(p. 25)1. No matter what the fast drivers think, [higher speed limits will result in moreneedless deaths on the highway]1. (So) [the speed limits should not be raised]2.Diagram1↓2

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6Standard Form1.Higher speed limits will result in more needless deaths on the highway∴2.The speedlimits should not be raised.2.[The Cat90 is the best lawn mower you can buy]1. (Since) [you want thebest]2, [you should buy the Cat90]3.Diagram1 + 2↓3Standard Form1.The Cat90 is the best lawn mower you can buy.2.You want the best (lawn mower you can buy).∴3.You should buy the Cat90.3.[Without a tax increase there will soon be runaway inflation]1. But[Congress refuses to raise taxes]2. (Thus), [before long there will be runawayinflation]3. (That means that) [youshould borrow all the money you canright now]4.Diagram1 + 2↓3↓4Standard Form

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71.Without a tax increase there will soon be runaway inflation2.Congress refuses to raise taxes.∴3.Before long there will be runaway inflation. (1,2)∴4.You should borrow all the money you can right now.(3)4.Because [Henry has started on a weight-lifting program]1and [weight liftersare very strong]2, (it follows that) [Henry will soon be very strong]3. And[anyone who is unusually strong can make the football team]4. (So) [Henrywill make the team this year]5.Diagram1 + 2↓3 + 4↓5Standard Form1. Henry has started on a weight-lifting program.2. Weight lifters are very strong∴3.. Henry will soon bevery strong4. Anyone who is unusually strong can make the football team.∴5. Henry will make the team this year.5.[People who study history are wiser than those who do not]1. [Studyinghistory makes a person less likely to repeat the mistakes of the past]2, and[not repeating past mistakes is a sign of wisdom]3. And (because) [theprimary aim of education is producing wisdom]4, [all universities shouldrequire the study of history]5.

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8Diagram2 + 3↓1 + 4↓5StandardForm1. Studying history makes a person less likely to repeat the mistakes of thepast.2. Not repeating past mistakes is a sign of wisdom.∴3. People who study history are wiser than those who do not. (1,2)4. The prime aim of education is producing wisdom.∴5. All universities should require the study of history. (3,4)6.[Never, never pass up a four-leaf clover]1! [They are very rare]2(because) [aclover normally has three leaves]3, and [the four-leaved ones bring goodluck]4.Diagram3↓2 + 4↓1Standard Form1. A clover normally has three leaves.∴2. (Four-leaf clovers) are very rare. (1)3. The four-leaved ones bring good luck.∴4. Never, never pass up a four-leaf clover. (2, 3)

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97.[Anything worth recording has been entered in the ship’s log]1, (so) [I canbe sure I’ve never met a mermaid]2. [A mermaid would be worthrecording]3, and [there’s nothing about meeting a mermaid in my ship’slog]4.Diagram1 2+3↓4Standard Form1.Anything worth recording is in the ship’s log.2.A mermaid would be worth recording3.There is nothing about meeting a mermaid in the ship’s log.∴4.I can be sure I’ve never seen a mermaid.8.[AIDS may be the most horrible disease in the world’shistory]1. [It isalways lethal]2. [There is no cure]3. And [it is most often transmitted throughpleasure]4.Diagram234↓1Standard Form1.[AIDS] is always lethal.2.There is no cure [for AIDS].3.[AIDS] is most often transmitted through pleasure.∴4.AIDS may be the most horrible disease in the world’s history.

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109.[Higher education should increase our ability to think critically and toappreciate a greater variety of experiences]1. (Thus), [it is good to takecourses in thehumanities, science, and social science]2. (So), [students whotake the advanced-level course in twentieth-century American poetry havemade a wise choice]3.Diagram1↓2↓3Standard Form1.Higher education should increase our ability to think critically and toappreciate a greater variety of experiences.∴2.It is good to take courses in the humanities, science, and social science.(1)∴3.Students who take the advanced-level course in twentieth-centuryAmerican poetry have made a wise choice.(2)10.[We should go for a hike in the canyon this weekend]1. [The air is crisp]2,and [the leaves are turning to lovely reds and yellows]3. And [the exercisewill be good for us]4, (since) [we haven’t been out all week]5. (So), [let’stake the hike]6.Diagram1+2↓34+5↓6

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11Standard Form1.The air is crisp.2.The leaves are turning to lovely reds and yellows.∴3.We should go for a hike in the canyon this weekend. (1,2)4.We haven’t been out all week.5.The exercise will be good for us.∴6.Let’s take a hike.(3, 4, 5)11.The hike has been nice, but [we must be pretty far from civilization]1,(because) [the only people we have seen in the last three hours have beentoting big backpacks]2. (So) [we better turn around before we get lost in themiddle of nowhere]3.Diagram213Standard Form1.The only people we have seen in the last three hours have been toting bigbackpacks.∴2.We must be pretty far from civilization. 1∴3.We had better turn around before we get lost in the middle of nowhere. 212.[The fate of the hikers will forever be a mystery]1. [TheWeekly World Newssaid they were devoured by army ants]2, but [not muchinWWNis true]3,(so) [probably they weren’t]4. [If they weren’t, wejust don’t know whathappened to them]5. (So), [we will always bewondering]1.Diagram2 + 3

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12↓4 + 5↓1Standard Form1.TheWeekly World Newssaid [the hikers] were devoured by army ants.2.Not muchinWWNis true.∴3.Probably [the hikers] weren’t [devoured by army ants]. (1,2)4.If they weren’t, wejustdon’t know what happened to them.∴5.The fate of the hikers will forever be a mystery.(3,4)13.(It is obvious that) [the judge committed the murder]1, (given that) [eitherthe butler or the judge did it]2. (Since) [the butler was passionately in lovewith the victim]3, [it was not she who committed the murder]4.Diagram3.↓4 + 2↓1Standard Form1.The butler was passionately in love with the victim.∴2.[The butler] did not commit the murder. 13.Either the butler or the judge[committed the murder].∴4.The judge committed the murder. 2, 314.[The detective is unlikely to be a convincing witness]1(because) [he has thereputation of being a racist]2. (Probably, then), [the defendant will beacquitted]3.

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13Diagram2↓1↓3Standard Form1.[The detective] has the reputation of being a racist.∴2.The detective is unlikely to be a convincing witness.∴3.The defendant will be acquitted.15.[If the detective really is a racist]1—(which) [he is]2—[then he never shouldhave beenallowed to testify at all]1, (since) [white racists are especiallyunreliable witnesses when the accused is a person of color]3. (So), [thedetective should not have been allowed to testify at all]4.Diagram3↓1 + 2↓4Standard Form1.White racists are especially unreliable witnesses when the accused is aperson of color.∴2.If the detective is really a racist he should not have been allowed totestify. 13.The detective is a racist.∴4.The detective should not have been allowed to testify. 2, 3

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1416.[The eighteenth-century philosopher David Hume (was undoubtedly) a finerthinker than his even more celebrated successor Immanuel Kant]1. [Humewas by far the more lucid writer]2. [His contributions were more diverse thanKant’s]3, (for) [he was a first-rate historian as well as a philosopher]4.(Further), [Hume’s ethical thought did not suffer from the rigidity ofKant’s]5. [Hume, unlike Kant, would never have said the duty not to lie is soabsolute that we should answer truthfully even when a would-be murdererasks where his intended victim is hiding]6. (Thus), [there can be little doubtthat, of the two, Hume was the superior thinker]7.Diagram46↓↓3 + 5 +2↓1Standard Form1.[Hume] was a first-rate historian as well as a philosopher.∴2.[Hume’s] contributions were more diverse than Kant’s. (1)1’. Hume would never have said the duty not to lie is so absolute that weshould answer truthfully even when a would-be murderer asks where hisintended victim is hiding.∴2’.Hume’s ethical thought did not suffer from the rigidity of Kant’s. (1’)1*. [Hume’s] contributions were more diverse than Kant’s. (1)2*. Hume’s ethical thought did not suffer from the rigidity of Kant’s. (1’)3*. Hume was by far the more lucidwriter.∴4*. David Hume was undoubtedly a finer thinker than his even morecelebrated successor Immanuel Kant.

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1517.[Either the market has bottomed out or we’re in for several more months ofrocky times for investors]1. [If this is the market’s lowest point, then the Fedwill not be thinking of lowering interest rates further]2, but [the latest reportfrom the chairman of the Fed tells us that interest rates will go downfurther]3. (So clearly) [this isn’t the bottom of the market]4, (andconsequently) [it’s a bleak time ahead for investors]5.Diagram12+3↓41↓5Standard Form1.Either this is the bottom of the market or it is a bad time for investors.2.If this is the bottom of the market, then the Fed will notlower rates.3.The Fed will lower rates.∴4. This is not the bottom of the market. 2, 3∴5.This is a bad time for investors. 1, 418.[Dozens of people have claimed to have seen Elvis Presley since he wassupposed to have died in 1978]1, (so) [he must still be alive]2, (since) [thatmany people wouldn’t be wrong]3. (On account of the fact that) Elvis isalive, [“Hound Dog” will soon again be a best-selling single.]4Diagram1 + 3↓2↓4Standard Form

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