Q
QuestionSociology

"The term ""secondary deviance"" can be defined as: A. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. B. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. C. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. D. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society."
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Answer

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Step 1:
Let's solve this sociology problem step by step:

Step 2:
: Understand the Concept of Secondary Deviance

Secondary deviance is a sociological concept introduced by Howard Becker in labeling theory. It refers to the process where an individual internalizes a deviant identity after being labeled as deviant by society.

Step 3:
: Analyze the Key Characteristics of Secondary Deviance

The critical elements of secondary deviance include: - Initial labeling of an individual as deviant - The individual accepting and incorporating this deviant label into their self-concept - Changes in behavior and self-perception as a result of this labeling

Step 4:
: Evaluate Each Option

A. Incorrect - This describes formal sanctions, not secondary deviance. B. Incorrect - This suggests no long-term impact, which contradicts secondary deviance. C. Incorrect - This describes a process of behavioral correction, not secondary deviance. D. Correct - This precisely describes the process of secondary deviance: - "A person's self-concept" changes - "Behavior begin to change" - "Labeled as deviant by members of society"

Step 5:
: Reasoning for the Correct Answer

The definition in option D captures the essence of secondary deviance: - External labeling occurs - The individual internalizes this label - The label begins to shape the person's self-perception and subsequent behavior

Final Answer

When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.