Skip to content
Class Notes

Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Notes

Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Notes offers expertly curated lecture summaries, helping you understand key concepts with ease.

Preview 16 of 332 pages

See the first 16 pages exactly as they appear in the document.

  1. Page 1
    Read page 1 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 1 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. CHAPTER 1 20 - MINUTE QUIZ #1 Circle the correct answer. True/False LO 1 E 1. Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates economic events of an organization to interested users. True False LO 4 E 2. According to the monetary unit assumption, inflation is ignored in accounting and only transactions that can be expressed as an amount of money are recorded . True False LO 1 E 3. The basic objective of financial reporting is to provide useful information to investors and creditors to make decisions True False LO 2 E 4. Private companies have a choice of whether to follow ASPE or IFRS . True False LO 4 M 5. According to the cost principle, assets should be reported at their replacement cost, not their original cost. True False LO 2 M 6. The economic entity assumption requires that the activities of the entity be kept separate and distinct from the activities of its owner and all other economic entities. True False LO 5 M 7. Collection of an account receivable will increase both cash and accounts receivable. True False LO 5 M 8. An expense paid with cash would result in an equal decrease in liabilities and owner’s equity. True False LO 5 M 9. Liabilities represent the ownership claim on total assets. True False LO 5 M 10. The going concern assumption assumes that a company will liquidate in the near future True False

  2. Page 2
  3. Page 3
    Read page 3 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 2 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. Multiple Choice LO 3 M 1. In a proprietorship, owner’s equity increases when: a. the owner withdraws money for personal use. b. money is borrowed from the bank. c. cash is collected from a customer who had previously been billed for services. d. a service is provided to a customer on account. LO 3 E 2. A company has a profit when: a. assets exceed liabilities for the period. b. investments exceed drawings for the period. c. revenues exceed expenses for the period. d. revenues exceed liabilities for the period. LO 3 M 3. Owner’s Equity is not : a. existing debts and obligations of the company . b. the owner’s claim on total assets. c. assets minus total liabilities . d. often called residual equity . LO 5 M 4. A payment of accounts payable would: a. decrease liabilities and increase owner’s equity. b. decrease assets and decrease liabilities. c. decrease liabilities and decrease owner’s equity. d. increase assets and increase liabilities. LO 3 E 5. The financial statement that reports the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a specific date is the: a. income statement. b. statement of owner’s equity . c. balance sheet. d. cash flow statement.

  4. Page 4
    Read page 4 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 3 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. ANSWERS TO 20 - MINUTE QUIZ #1 True/False 1. True 6. True 2. True 7. False 3. True 8. False 4. True 9. False 5. False 10. False Multiple Choice 1. d. 2. c. 3. a. 4. b. 5. c.

  5. Page 5
    Read page 5 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 4 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 20 - MINUTE QUIZ #2 1. Define and give an example of each of the following terms. Assume that you are the proprietor of a house painting business. a) Assets b) Liabilities c) Expenses 2. How is profit calculated? 3. Bob Manor is the proprietor of Manor Accounting. For each of the following transactions, indicate the effects on the company’s assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. Indicate the dollar amount and whether it is an increase (+) or a decrease ( - ). Transactions Assets Liabilities Owner’s Equity Capital Drawings Revenue Expenses 1. Prepares a tax return for a client and bills the client $85. 2. Buys $200 office supplies on account. 3. Pays for the office supplies from #2. 4. Collects the $85 owed by the customer from #1. 5. Pays $800 for employee salaries. 6. Does an audit for a customer and receives $2,500.

  6. Page 6
    Read page 6 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 5 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. ANSWERS TO 20 - MINUTE QUIZ #2 1. Define and give an example of each of the following terms. Assume that you are the proprietor of a house painting business. (Various examples will be acceptable here.) a) Assets Resources owned by a business which are capable of providing future services or benefits e.g., equipment b) Liabilities Current obligations, arising from past events, to make future payments of assets or services. e.g., accounts payable c) Expenses The cost of assets consumed or services used in a company’s ordinary business activities . e.g., salaries expense 2. How is profit calculated? Revenues – Expenses = Profit

  7. Page 7
    Read page 7 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition 20 - Minute Quiz Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 6 Copyright © 201 3 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 3. Bob Manor is the proprietor of Manor Accounting. For each of the following transactions, indicate the effects on the company’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. Indicate the dollar amount and whether it is an increase (+) or a decrease ( - ). Transactions Assets Liabilities Owner’s Equity Capital Drawings Revenue Expenses 1. Prepares a tax return for a client and bills the client $85. + $ 85 + $ 85 2. Buys $200 office supplies on account. +200 + $ 200 3. Pays for the office supplies from #2. − 200 − 200 4. Collects the $85 owed by the customer from #1. +85 − 85 5. Pays $800 for employee salaries. − 800 − $ 800 6. Does an audit for a customer and receives $2,500. +2,500 +2,500 Balance $1,785 0 0 0 $2,585 − $800 $ 1,785 = $1,785

  8. Page 8
    Read page 8 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 1 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. CHAPTER 1 Accounting in Action LECTURE OUTLINE 1 . Why is Accounting Important? 1.1 Accounting is the information system that identifies, records and communicates economic events of organizations to interested users. A wide variety of users depend on transparent, relevant, understandable financial information that provides a true representation of the economic events . 1.2 Accountants use ratios, percentages, graphs, and charts to analyze and interpret financial information. They use this information to highlight significant financial trends and relationships. 1.3 Whether you plan to own your own business, work for a business, invest in a business – whatever you choose, studying accounting will teach you to read and interpret financial information which is a va l uabl e set of skills. 1.4 Whether you plan to become a doctor, lawyer, social worker, teacher, engineer, architect or entrepreneur, a working knowledge of accounting will be relevant and useful to you. 2. Using Accounting Information 2.1 Internal users are those who work for the company and use accounting data in planning, organizing and running the organization . They include finance directors, marketing managers, human resources personnel and company officers. They require answers to questions such as: - Is there sufficient cash to pay the bills this month? - What price must be charged for this product in order to make a profit?

  9. Page 9
    Read page 9 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 2 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. TEACHING TIP ILLUS TRATION 1 - 1 illustrates questions asked by internal users. 2.2 External users are those users outside of the business who need information about the financial position and performance of the company. Included in this group are: 2.2.1 Investors: Investors use accounting information to make decisi ons to buy, hold, or sell their ownership interest. 2.2.2 Creditors: Creditors use accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credit or lending money to a business , such as suppliers and bankers . 2.2.3 Labour Unions: Labour unions want to know whether the owners can pay increased wages and benefits. 2.2.4 Customers: Customers are interested in whether a company will continue to honour its product warranties and support its product lines. Other external users are tax authorities such as Canada Revenue Agency; regulatory agencies such as provincial securities commissions; and economic planners to forecast economic activity. Investors and creditors are the main external users of accounting information, but as seen above there are many external users with a large variety of information needs and questions. TEACHING TIP ILLUSTRATION 1 - 2 illustrates questions asked by external users.

  10. Page 10
    Read page 10 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 3 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 3. Objectives of Financial Reporting : The main objective of the financial statements is to provide useful information to investors and creditors (external users) to make decisions about a business. 3. 1 Financial Statements must give information about: 3 .1 .1 Economic resources: what resources does a business have to be used in its operations? . 3 . 1 .2 What are the claims to the business’ economic resources? . 3 . 1 .3 Is the business generating enough profits and enough cash to pay its debts and give a return to its owners? 4 . Ethics in Financial Reporting 4 .1 Ethics is important to accountants and decision makers who rely on and prepare financial information. Financial information must be prepared with high standards of ethical behaviour. 4 .2 In the process of solving an ethical dilemma, the following steps should be applied: 4 .2.1 Recognize an ethical situation and identify the ethical issues involved. 4 .2.2 Identify and analyze the main elements in the situation. 4 .2.3 Identify the alternatives, and weigh the impact of each alternative on various stakeholders. TEACHING TIP ILLUSTRATION 1 - 3 illustrates the steps used to analyze ethical dilemmas. 5 . Forms of Business Organization 5 .1 Proprietorship. A business owned by one person is generally a proprietorship. The owner receives all profits, suffers any losses, and is personally liable for all debts of the business. This is known as unlimited liability. There is no legal distinction between the owner and the business, so the life of the proprietorship is limited to the life of the owner. However, the records of the business activities must be kept separate from the activities of the owner. The profits of the business are recorded on the owner’s personal income tax return .

  11. Page 11
    Read page 11 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 4 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 5 .2 Partnership. A business owned by two or more persons associated as partners is a partnership. It is similar to a proprietorship, except that more than one owner is involved. Partnerships are often used for service - type businesses, such as lawyers, doctors, architects and accountants. Each partner generally has unlimited liability for all debts of the partnership, even if one of the other partners created the debt. 5 .3 Corporation. A business organized as a separate legal entity under federal or provincial corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares is called a corporation. Owners, called shareholders, enjoy limited liability for the debts of the business. In other words, they are not responsible for the debts of the corporate entity. Shareholders may sell their shares to other investors at any time. Since ownership can be transferred without dissolving the corporation, th e corporation has an unlimited life. Examples of corporations are Royal Bank of Canada, Suncor Energy, Research Motion and Barrick Gold . 5 . 3.1 Public Corporations vs. Private Corporations. Public corporations have their shares listed on one of the Stock exchange s and they commonly distribute their financial statements to interested parties and the general public. Private corporations do not issue publicly traded shares and they almost never distribute their financial statements publicly. Examples of private corporations are EllisDon Inc. , and McCain Foods. An example of a public corporation is Reitmans. 6 . Accounting Standards Financial information is communicated in accounting reports, the most common being financial statements. In order to make the information in the financial statements meaningful, accountants must prepare the reports in a standardized way. 6 .1 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 6 .1.1 The common set of standards used by accountants in r eporting economic e vents are called generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) which includes broad principles and practices, as well as rules and procedures. The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, through an Accountin g Standards Board (AcSB) , is p rimarily responsible for establishing generally accepted accounting principles in Canada. The basic objective of financial reporting is to communicate information that is useful to investors, creditors and other users when they make decisions.

  12. Page 12
    Read page 12 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 5 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 6 .1. 2 A recent change in Canadian GAAP is the implementation of two sets of standards, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and Accounting Standards (ASPE) for Private Enterprises. Canadian public enterprises must follow International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) , a set of global standards developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). In Canada, the decision to adopt IFRS was made so that Canadian public companies are able to compete in an increasingly global marketplace. Because the users of Private companies typically require less information in the fi nancial statements, the AcSB developed Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) . Canadian Private Companies have the choice to report under IFRS or ASPE. 6 .1. 3 Both IFRS and ASPE are considered “principles - based” as opposed to “rules - based” standards. “Principles - based” standards are designed to encourage the use of professional judgement. 6.1.4 It is important to understand that GAAP is not static and that it changes over time. The AcSB and IASB continue to create new standards and modify GAAP. 6.2 Economic Entity Concept. The economic entity concept requires that the activities of the entity be kept separate and distinct from the activities of its owners, and all other economic entities. An economic entity can be any organization or unit. An economic entity may not necessarily be a separate legal entity. 6 . 3 Going Concern Assumption . I t is assumed that a company will continue to operate in the foreseeable future. This assumption assumes that the company will operate long enough to use its assets for their intended use and to fulfill its commitments. This is one of most important assumptions in GAAP. This assumption supports assets being recorded at cost. For example, if a company is not a going concern, and an asset such a s land is goin g to be sold, then the readers o f the financial statements would be more interested in the land’s current worth rather than what was paid for it. 7 . Accounting Model

  13. Page 13
    Read page 13 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 6 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 7. 1 T he main objective of the fi nancial statements is to provide information about the business’ resources, claims to its resources, and its ability to earn a prof i t and generate cash to allow investors and creditors (external users) to make decisions about a business. There are four basic financial statements : the balance sheet, income statement, statement of owner’s equity and cash flow statement. 7.2. T he Balance Sheet (sometimes called statement of financial position) provides information about the economic resources that the business can use to carry out its business activities to earn a profi t and the claims to these economic resources. The balance sheet is like a snapshot of the company’s financial condition at a specific moment in time (usually the end of a month, quarter, or year). Assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity are reported in the balance sheet . 7 . 2 .1 Assets are resources owned or controlled by a business. Every asset is capable of provid ing future services or benefits which results in future cash inflows. Example of assets are: a ccounts receivable, p repaid expenses, and v ehicles. 7 . 2.2 Liabilities are current obligations, arising from past events, to make a future payment of assets or services. In other words, liabilities are present debts and obligations. The persons or entities a company owes money to are called creditors . Examples of Liabilities are: note payable, accounts payable and unearned revenue (which represents advance payments made by customers) . 7 . 2.3 Owner’s equity is the owner ’s claim on total assets. It is equal to total assets minus total liabilities. It is a residual claim, since claims of creditors rank ahead of those of owners. This amount is often called net assets. In a proprietorship, owner’s equity is increased by investments made by the owner and decreased by withdrawals made by the owner . “Owner’s equity” is a term used for proprietorships. Partnerships use the term “partner’s equity” and corporations use the term “shareholder’s equity”. 7.2.4 The basic accounting equation (sometimes referred to as the balance sheet equation) is: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity It applies to all economic entities regardless of size, nature, or form of business organization. TEACHING TIP

  14. Page 14
    Read page 14 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 7 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. Use ILLUSTRATION 1 - 5 to demonstrate the accounting equation. 7.3 The Income Statement (sometimes called statement of earnings or statement of operations) reports the profitability of the business’s operations over a specifi ed period of time (a month, quarter, or year). 7 . 3 . 1 Revenues increase owner’s equity and expenses decrease owner’s equity. Profit results when revenues exceed expenses for the period. Therefore, profit increases owner’s equity . A loss is the result when revenues are less than expenses for the period. Therefore, a loss dec reases owner’s equity . Profit is also referred to as net income or earnings. 7 . 3 . 2 Revenues are increases in net assets (i.e. an increase in an asset or a decrease in a liability and an increase in owner’s equity ) that result from business activities performed to earn profit . Common sources of revenue include sales, fees, services, commissions, interest, and rent. 7 . 3 . 3 Expenses are the costs of assets consumed or services used in the company’s ordinary business activitie s. Expenses are decreases in assets or increases in liabilities, excluding withdrawals made by the owners, and result in a decrease to owner’s equity. Examples of expenses are: telephone expense, supplies expense, and rent expense. 7.4 Statement of Owner’s Equity shows the changes in owner’s equity for the same period of time as the income statement. In a proprietorship, owner’s equity is increased by investments made by the owner and profits made by the business, and decreased by withdrawals made by the owner and losses made by the business. 7.4.1 Investments. When an owner invests assets into the business, the owner’s capital account increases by the value of the assets invested. Therefore, investments increase an asset and owner’s equity. 7.4.2 Drawings are withdrawals of cash or other assets from an unincorporated business for the personal use of the owner. Drawings can be recorded as a decrease to owner’s equity directly or they can be recorded in a separate account called drawings. Drawings results in a decrease of an asset and a decrease in owner’s equity. 7 .4.3 Revenues increase owner’s equity and expenses decrease owner’s equity . Therefore, profit s increase owner’s equity and loss es decrease owner’s equity.

  15. Page 15
    Read page 15 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 8 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. TEACHING TIP ILLUSTRATION 1 - 6 illustrates transactions that increase and decrease owner’s equity. 7.5 Cash Flow Statement gives information about the cash receipts and cash payments made by a business over a specific period of time. The cash flows are divided into three categories: operating activities, investing activities (e.g. the purchase and sales of property, plant and equipment) and financing activities (e.g. the borrowing and repayment of debt) . 8 . Accounting Differences by Type of Business Organization 8 . 1 In a proprietorship, equity is called owner’s equity . Investments by the owner are added to the Owner’s capital account and withdrawals by the owner are recorded in a Drawings account. In a partnership, equity is called partners’ equity . Each partner has a Capital account and a Drawings account. In a corporation, equity is known as shareholders’ equity. It consists of two categories: the investments made by the shareholders, called share capital , and the profit (or earnings ) generated and kept by the company, called retained earnings . Dividends are distributions to the shareholders, and are similar to drawings. Dividends are deducted from retained earnings. TEACHING TIP ILLUSTRATION 1 - 7 illustrates the accounting differences by different accounting organizations. 9. The Expanded Accounting Equation 9.1 The Basic Accounting Equation can be expanded to include all the different parts of owner’s equity and show the relationships between revenues, expenses, profits (losses) and owner’s equity.

  16. Page 16
    Read page 16 as text

    Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Trenholm, Kinnear , Barlow Accounting Principles, Sixth Canadian Edition Lecture Outlines Chapter 1 – Accounting in Action 1 - 9 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is strictly prohibited. 9.2 From the expanded equation we can see that if revenue increases, owner’s equity increases and therefore either assets increase or liabilities decrease to keep the equation balanced. Conversely if expenses increase, owner’s equity decreases and therefore either assets decrease or liabilities increase to keep the equation balanced. TEACHING TIP ILLUSTRATION 1 - 8 illustrates the accounting differences by different accounting organizations. 10. Building the Financial Statements 10.1 Recognition and Measurement : The first step in preparing financial statements is to determine what the company should record. Not all events are recorded and reported in the financial statemen ts. Recognition is the process of recording an asset, liability, revenue or expense in the accounting records. Measurement is the process of determining the amount to be recognized. 10.1.1 The cost principle (also known as the historical cost principle) refers to the concept that historical cost is used as the primary basis of measurement. That is, the transaction is first measured at the amount of cash that was paid or at the value exchanged. Cost is reliable, definite, verifiable and objectively measured. However, cost may not always be the most relevant measure of certa in types of assets. and f air values may provide more useful information. 10.1.2 Monetary Unit Assumption . Only transactions that can be expressed in terms of money are recorded in the accounting records. In Canada, we use the dollar to record transactions. 10.1.2.1 This assumption does prevent some relevant information from being included in the accounting records. 10.1.2.2 An important part of the monetary unit assumption is the added assumption that the dollar remains sufficiently constant over time. Inflation and deflation are ignored for accounting purposes in Canada. 11 . Transaction Analysis

316 more pages in the full document

Unlock it once and it stays in your library, ready to chat with or turn into flashcards.

Unlock the full document

More Accounting study materials

See all

Study this document with CramX

Once it is in your library, every tool can work from it.