AP Biology Final Exam Review Part 1

new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change

reasoning based on observed patterns

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation

a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.

the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen

reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells

a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells

cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA

a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together

random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity

nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome.

small mobile DNA segments

one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development

Research and technology development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other organisms

the behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully

remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species

process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom

unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix

a group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia

A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia

an embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

the concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of an organism

the way an animal's body parts match up around a point or central line

fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm

farming method that preserves long-term productivity of land and minimizes pollution

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use (ammonia)

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant

processes and functions of an organism

membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as vaccination)

engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

substance that triggers an immune response

process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent

asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis

inner lining of the uterus

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

The theory explaining how muscle contracts, based on change within a sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle organization, stating that thin (actin) filaments slide across thick (myosin) filaments, shortening the sarcomere; the shortening of all sarcomeres in a myofibril shortens the entire myofibril

a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)

the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs

a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight

weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

atom that has a positive or negative charge

contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes

non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar

describes a cell that does not have a nucleus or anyother membrane-covered organelles; also called bacteria

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

organisms that make their own food

store the organic acids made at night in vacuoles and use them for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed

the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids

different forms of a gene

having two different alleles for a trait

the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

a group of genes that operate together

the process of cell specialization

any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

cancer-causing genes

a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)

the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects