AP Biology Final Exam Review Part 2

a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

differences in the genetic composition of separate populations

theory of a stable, nonevolving population in which frequency of alleles do not change; only occurs in large, isolated populations with random mating, and no natural selection or mutations

movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants

nonvascular plant; examples are mosses and their relatives

embryo of a living plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply

underground organs that absorb water and minerals

animals without a backbone

individual that has both male and female reproductive organs

the transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different, and often functions very differently in its environment, than the larva

invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system

a flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpals

male gametophyte in seed plants

period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing

a mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body

the heart's pacemaker, located in the wall of the right atrium

narrowing of blood vessels

tiny, disk-shaped bodies in the blood, important in blood clot formation

glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

chemicals secreted by animal species that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species

protein hormone that helps to decrease blood sugar

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

the discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, when the sperm contacts an egg

the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells

any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation

their embryos are protected by external membranes

study of populations

graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species

movement of individuals out of an area

growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals

attraction between molecules of the same substance

an attraction between molecules of different substances

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

avoids water molecules

protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane

a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

Inactivated X chromosome in females

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

a genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes

protein covering that surrounds a virus

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

a substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria

infectious protein particles that do not have a genome

a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus

movement from one place to another

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms

type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

disease producing microorganisms

the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

the reproductive structure of an angiosperm

the food supply for a plant embryo found inside a seed

a flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

producing living young (not eggs)

dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat

mammals who have offspring who develop inside placenta (humans)

tendency of plants to grow toward a source of light

Plant hormones that promote stem and leaf elongation

a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself

the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney

the chief solid component of mammalian urine

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to prevent the kidneys from expelling too much water

an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before information is stored or forgotten