Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /Biology IB HL - 6.3 Disease Defences Part 4
WHat is the historical significance of penicillin?
In 1945, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Alexander Fleming were collectively awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine; Following the chemical determination of penicillin structure in 1945, several synthetic derivatives have since been created; These derivatives (including methicillin) offer many benefits including a broader spectrum, more stability and greater tolerance
Tap or swipe ↕ to flip
Swipe ←→Navigate
1/12
Key Terms
Term
Definition
WHat is the historical significance of penicillin?
In 1945, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Alexander Fleming were collectively awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine; Following the chemical determination...
What is HIV?
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects helper T cells, disabling the body’s adaptive immune system
What is HIV collectively classified as?
It causes a variety of symptoms and infections collectively classed as Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
What does HIV target?
HIV specifically targets the helper T lymphocytes which regulate the adaptive immune system
After infection, what does the HIV virus undergo?
Following infection, the virus undergoes a period of inactivity (clinical latency) during which infected helper T cells reproduce
After a period of latency, what does the HIV virus do?
Eventually, the virus becomes active again and begins to spread, destroying the T lymphocytes in the process (lysogenic cycle)
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
WHat is the historical significance of penicillin? | In 1945, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and Alexander Fleming were collectively awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine; Following the chemical determination of penicillin structure in 1945, several synthetic derivatives have since been created; These derivatives (including methicillin) offer many benefits including a broader spectrum, more stability and greater tolerance |
What is HIV? | The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects helper T cells, disabling the body’s adaptive immune system |
What is HIV collectively classified as? | It causes a variety of symptoms and infections collectively classed as Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
What does HIV target? | HIV specifically targets the helper T lymphocytes which regulate the adaptive immune system |
After infection, what does the HIV virus undergo? | Following infection, the virus undergoes a period of inactivity (clinical latency) during which infected helper T cells reproduce |
After a period of latency, what does the HIV virus do? | Eventually, the virus becomes active again and begins to spread, destroying the T lymphocytes in the process (lysogenic cycle) |
HIV - what does a reduction in number of helper T cells cause? | lymphocytes in the process (lysogenic cycle) |
What does HIV result in, finally? | The body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections, eventually resulting in death if the condition is not managed |
How is HIV transmitted, generally? | HIV is transmitted through the exchange of body fluids (including unprotected sex, blood transfusions, breastfeeding, etc.) |
How can the risk of HIV through sexual contact be reduced? | The risk of exposure to HIV through sexual contact can be minimised by using latex protection (i.e. condoms) |
Can you be immune to HIV infection? | YES A small minority of people are immune to HIV infection (they lack the CD4+ receptor on TH cells that HIV requires for docking) |
Where is HIV particularly prevalent? | HIV is a global issue, but is particularly prevalent in poorer nations with poor education and health systems |