Biology NEET - XI: Chapter 22- Chemical Control and Coordination
Thomas Addison is known as the father of endocrinology for his pioneering work in studying hormone-related diseases. In 1855, he first described Addison's disease, caused by adrenal gland dysfunction, laying the foundation for the field of endocrinology.
Who is known as the father of endocrinology?
Thomas addison
Key Terms
Who is known as the father of endocrinology?
Thomas addison
Epinephrin is a derivative of
Tyrosine (amino acid)
Melatonin is a derivative of
Tryptophan
Thyroxine is a derivative of
Tyrosine
Which hormones are short polypeptide hormone?
Oxytocin and ADH
Which hormones are long polypeptide hormones?
Insulin and glucagon
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Who is known as the father of endocrinology? | Thomas addison |
Epinephrin is a derivative of | Tyrosine (amino acid) |
Melatonin is a derivative of | Tryptophan |
Thyroxine is a derivative of | Tyrosine |
Which hormones are short polypeptide hormone? | Oxytocin and ADH |
Which hormones are long polypeptide hormones? | Insulin and glucagon |
What type of hormone are FSH and LH | Glycoproteins |
Thyroid stimulating hormone is a | Protein |
What type of hormone is follicle stimulating hormone? | Protein |
Adrenal cortex homones are which type of hormones? | Steroids |
Which germ layer did pitutary gland originate from? | Ectodermal |
Which germ layer does adrenal medulla arise from? | Ectodermal |
WHich germ layer do ovary and testis arise from? | Mesoderm |
Which germ layer does adrenal cortex arise from? | Mesoderm |
Which germ layer does thyroid gland arise from? | Endoderm |
Which germ layer does parathyroid gland arise from? | Endoderm |
Which hormones are rapidly acting? | Biogenic amines, protein hormones |
The effects of which hormones are short lived? | Protein hormones, biogenic amines |
Which hormones are slow acting but have long lasting effects? | Steroids, iodothyronins |
Adenohypophysis consists of which lobes? | Pars distalis and pars intermidia |
Neurohypophysis consists of which lobes? | Pars nervosa |
Name the hormones secreted by pars distalis. | Growth hormone TSH Adrenocoricotrophic hormone Prolactin Follicle stimulating hormone LH |
Name the hormones released by Pars intermedia | Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
Name the hormones secreted by Pars nervosa | Oxytocin Vasopressin |
Anterior pitutary is formed by | Adenohypophysis |
What kind of control does hypothalamus have over anterior pitutary? | Indirect control |
What kind of control does hypothalamus have over posterior pitutary? | Direct nerual regulation |
Hormones in anterior pitutary are stored in | Herring's bodies |
Melatonin is secreted by which gland? | Pineal gland |
What effect does melatonin have on puberty? | Delays puberty |
Which hormone is antagonistic to melanin? | Melatonin |
What are the calcium deposits over the pineal gland called which appear at time of puberty? | Brain sand |
Which is the largest endocrine gland? | Thymus |
How many lobes does the thyroid gland have? | 2 |
Which molecule is found in the colloid in thyroid follicles? | Thyroglobulin |
Which tissue is present beneath the fibrous capsule of thyroid gland? | Loose areolar connective tissue (stroma) |
T4 and T3 hormones are secreted by which cells? | Follicular cels |
Thyrocalcitonin is secreted by which cell? | Parafollicular cells |
Which is the only endocrine gland which stores its hormone in inactive state? | Thyroid gland |
Which hormone is more potent- triiodothyronine or tetraiodothyronine? | triiodothyronine |
How do T3 and T4 affect the number of mitochondria and ATP production? | the number of mitochondria and ATP production increase |
How do T3 and T4 affect the heart rate and cardiac output? | The heart rate and cardiac output increase |
Myxoedema is caused due to | Hypothyroidism in adulthood |
Which is an autoimmune hypothyroidism disease? | Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
Exophthalmic goitre is also called | Grave's disease |
Grave's disease is caused due to | Hyperthyroidism |
What effect does thyrocalcitonin have on blood calcium levels? | Blood calcium ion levels decrease |
How many parathyroid glands are present in body? | 4 |
Which are the main hormone producing cells on parathyroid gland? | Chief cells |
How does parathyroid hormone affect blood calcium levels? | Increases blood calcium levels |
Hyposecretion of thyrocalcitonin causes | Tetany |
How many islets of langerhans are present in pancreas? | 1-2 million |
Which cells of pancreas release glucagon? | Alpha cells |
WHich cells of pancreas release insulin? | beta cells |
Which cells of pancreas release somatostatin? | Delta cells |
What is the function of somatostatin secreted by delta cells of the pancreas? | Inhibits the secretions of alpha and beta cells of pancreas |
What is the role of glucagon? | Increase blood sugar level, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis |
What is the target organ of glucagon? | Liver and adipose tissue |
What is the role of insluin? | Decreases blood glucose level |
What happens in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus? | Target receptors become insensitive to insulin |
What is the location of adrenal gland? | Anterior surface of kidney |
How many zones does the adrenal cortex have? | Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis |
Mineralocorticoids are secreted by | Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex |
Glucocorticoids are secreted by | Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex |
Sex corticoids are secreted by | Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex |
Which hormone is secreted by zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex? | ALdosterone |
Which hormone is secreted by zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex? | Cortisol |
Which hormone is secreted by Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex? | Gonadotrophins |
What is the function of cortisol? | Hyperglycemic |
How does cortisol act as an immunosuppressant agent? | By decreaseing lymphocyte formation in lymphoid tissue |
Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes | Conn's disease or aldosteronism |
What happens to blood pressure in aldosteronism? | Blood pressure increases |
Hypersecretion of cortisol leads to which disease? | Cushing's syndrome |
What happens in hypersecretion of sex corticoids? | Females-adrenal virilism | Males- gynacomastia |
What is Addison's disease? | Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids |
Which hormones are released by adrenal medulla? | Adrenalin, noredrenalin |
Which hormones are known as love hormone? | Estrogen and prolactin |
Which hormone is responsible for metamorphosis in frog? | Thyroid hormone |
What are the neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus which secrete hormones called? | Nuclei |
Hypothalmic hormones reach pitutary gland through | Portal circulatory system |
How are the two lobes of thyroid gland connected? | Through thin connective tissue, isthmus |
What are the symptoms of Addison's disease? | Fatigue and acute weakness |
Which hormones are commonly known as catacholamines? | Adrenaline, norepinephrine |
Which hormone of adrenal gland has anti inflammatory response? | Cortisol |
Which hormone is associated with milk secretion and formation? | Prolactin |