Cellular Respiration

"Powerhouse" of the cell, organelle that produces ATP using the Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation when O2 is present

Cellular respiration that uses oxygen, producing about 32 ATP per molecule of glucose

Cellular respiration that uses glycolysis and fermentation when no oxygen is present, producing about 2 ATP per molecule of glucose

The location of electron transport chains and ATP synthase, folded many times to increase surface area

The innermost part of the mitochondria, high pH as H+ is pumped OUT of this space

The amount of metabolism occurring--the number of chemical reactions ongoing within an organism

When an organism is actively undergoing cellular respiration, intaking O2 and excreting CO2

The concentration of H+ ions present, a lower number indicates more H+, a higher number indicates less H+

A protein transports H+ to generate an electrochemical gradient in order to power chemiosmosis

A difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane that can be used as a source of energy

The formation of ATP, in the presence of oxygen, by chemiosmosis using the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. It uses ADP and Pi

The process used to break down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of a cell, producing two ATP

The cyclical series of reactions used to break acetyl-CoA (from pyruvate) down to produce CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

A series of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, they pump H+ ions as they pass energized electrons from one protein to the next

The protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses energy from the movement of H+ down a proton gradient to convert ADP and Pi to ATP

The process cells can use when oxygen isn't present, it recycles NADH in order to continue performing glycolysis

The waste product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells

The transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP to create ATP, WITHOUT using Pi. It occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

When the environment is more concentrated (has more ions) than the cytoplasm of the cell. The cell will shrink (and become skinny like a hyperactive kid) as water is lost

When the environment is less concentrated (fewer ions) than the cytoplasm of the cell. The cell will swell (and get fat like a hippo) as water is gained

A cell's membrane will explode from pressure

A cell will shrink, shriveling up and dying

When the environment is the same concentration as the cell. A cell will neither gain or lose water.

Pi, phosphate that isn't attached to anything

The transfer of a phosphate group (usually from ATP) to a molecule.

The production of ATP, using either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation

An electron-carrier that is used to pass energized electrons to the electron transport chain. The reduced form of NAD+. Made in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

An electron-carrier that is used to pass energized electrons to the electron transport chain. The reduced form of FAD. Made in the citric acid cycle.

The oxidized, unenergized form of NADH

The product of glycolysis, a 3-carbon molecule

The 6-carbon sugar used in glycolysis

A molecule that can be used to store high energy electrons, to release them later at the electron transport chain

When a molecule LOSES electrons and LOSES energy

When a molecule GAINS electrons and GAINS energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 60₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂0 + ATP
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane, it has a low pH as many H+ ions are pumped into this area to create a proton gradient

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA so it can be used in the citric acid cycle

The molecule used to start the citric acid cycle

The part of the cell where glycolysis occurs