DSM Chapters 6–10 – Soil Formation and Weathering Processes Part 2
This flashcard set focuses on soil development processes such as the formation of iron oxide minerals through chemical weathering and the concept of eluviation, where fine particles are removed from upper soil layers. It aids in understanding key mechanisms in soil science.
What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble?
Calcite grains increase in size.
Key Terms
What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble?
Calcite grains increase in size.
Of the following rock types, which is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands?
Garnet schist
Quartzite
Slate
Granitic gneiss
granitic gneiss
Which of the following situations would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks?
Regional metamorphism of pyroclastic volcanic rocks
Fault movements at shallow depths
Intense compression in a deep-seated, regional metamorphic zone
Heating of shales and mudstones near a pluton
Fault movements at shallow depths
What metamorphic rock forms from sandstone?
Quartzite
What type of foliation results from the parallel alignment of abundant, coarse-grained, mica flakes in a metamorphic rock?
schistosity
What type of metamorphic facies associated with the subduction of oceanic crust and sediments forms at very high pressure but moderately low temperature?
bluschist
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble? | Calcite grains increase in size. |
Of the following rock types, which is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands? | granitic gneiss |
Which of the following situations would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks? | Fault movements at shallow depths |
What metamorphic rock forms from sandstone? | Quartzite |
What type of foliation results from the parallel alignment of abundant, coarse-grained, mica flakes in a metamorphic rock? | schistosity |
What type of metamorphic facies associated with the subduction of oceanic crust and sediments forms at very high pressure but moderately low temperature? | bluschist |
Which of the following lists foliated metamorphic rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? | Slate, phyllite, and schist |
What platy, parallel mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks? | micas |
What term describes a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different bands in a metamorphic rock? | foliation |
In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? | At great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding |
Which of the following statements concerning slate is not true? | Slate has abundant, coarse-grained mica. |
What metamorphic environment produces tektites? | High temperatures associated with meteorite impacts |
What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist? | phyllite |
describe the conditions of contact metamorphism? | Pressures are fairly low, the rock may be in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body such as a pluton, dike, or sill. |
Which of the following rock types form during the highest grade of regional metamorphism? | schist |
What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism that surrounds an intrusive magma body? | aureole |
What is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale? | There is total damage; objects are thrown into the air. |
Which of the following is directly related to the Richter earthquake-magnitude rating? | Amplitude of the seismic waves |
Which of the following situations would result in the largest area of ground-shaking damage? | A shallow-focus quake along the Mississippi Valley fault zone |
What is the most widely accepted explanation for the mechanism that generates earthquakes? | Reid's elastic rebound theory |
What factor produces the largest lateral ground displacement in an earthquake? | Horizontally vibrating surface waves |
What city in central United States was struck by three major earthquakes during the winter and spring months of the years 1811-1812 and experienced a quake as recently as 2008? | New Madrid, Missouri |
Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5? | 32 times |
Which one of the following statements concerning foci and epicenters is correct? | The epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus, which is where the earthquake occurs. |
What is the direct measure of the distance from a seismic receiving station to the focus of a distant earthquake? | The time interval between the arrivals of the first P and S waves |
The __________ magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released. It does not directly measure the extent of building damage. | Richter |
The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by __________ following the __________ earthquake. | Reid; 1906 San Francisco |
How does the Mercalli Scale rate earthquakes? | I to XII, ranging from little damage to total destruction |
Which one of the following is true regarding tsunami? | They occur in the open ocean; their wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and their wave heights are only a few feet. |
S waves travel through ____ and P waves travel through____ | solids |
What type of waves will show the highest amplitudes on a typical seismogram? | surface waves |
Which of the following foundation materials is most stable during earthquake shaking? | bedrock |
Why did the 1988 Armenian earthquake (in the Armenian Republic, then part of the former Soviet Union) result in an estimated 25,000 deaths? | Numerous, poorly constructed, top-heavy concrete slab buildings collapsed. |
Which one of the following best characterizes tsunami? | They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelengths. |
The __________ is used to record ground shaking and the earthquake-magnitude scale was invented by __________. | seismograph; Richter |
Why was building damage so extensive in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake? | Much of the city is built on filled-in, shallow lakes and swampland. |
seismic gaps | Seismic gaps are unusually quiet zones along known active faults. |
Why was the Marina District of San Francisco heavily damaged in the 1906 earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta quake? | Liquefaction and foundation failures were common. |
Which earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damage from ruptured natural gas lines and electrical lines? | San Francisco, 1906 |
What is the name given to material that loses all internal cohesion during earthquake shaking? | Liquefaction |
Which of the following best characterizes how the diameter of Earth's core and the nature of the outer core were discovered? | Through analysis of the P-wave and S-wave shadow zones |
What structure in Earth is thought to be caused by a change in the mineral structure of olivine | The 660-km-depth discontinuity or transition zone |
Which rock type listed below is probably closest in chemical composition to the upper mantle? | Peridotite |
Which one of the following best characterizes the asthenosphere? | A zone of softened peridotite in the upper mantle |
What causes Earth's magnetic field? | Weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions of molten iron in the outer core causes Earth's magnetic field. |
Which layer in the Earth does not transmit S waves? | Outer core |
Which of the following is the result of convection within the mantle? | Warm rock rises as narrow pipe-like plumes. |
What is the best evidence of Earth having a solidified inner core? | P waves travel faster in the inner core than in the outer core. |
Which of Earth's layers is marked at its top by the Mohorovičić discontinuity? | mantle |
Which layer of Earth transmits P earthquake waves but not S earthquake waves? | outer core |
What is the upper layer of the lithosphere called? | crust |
Who discovered the crust-mantle seismic discontinuity? In what year? | Andrija Mohorovičić, 1909 |
What causes the P-wave shadow zone? | Refraction of P waves crossing the mantle-outer core boundary |
where does the magnetic field originate? | outer core |
Which one of the following statements concerning Earth's magnetic field is true? | At high latitudes, the force lines intersect Earth's surface at steep angles. |