Genetics & Cell Injury – Clinical Pathophysiology Part 2
This advanced flashcard set is designed for students and healthcare professionals to review key concepts in genetics, chromosomal abnormalities, and cellular adaptation/injury. Topics include genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease), mechanisms of inheritance, chromosomal anomalies, as well as cellular responses to stress such as atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and hypoxic injury. Useful for exam prep in nursing, medicine, and biomedical sciences.
Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing:
A) cellular RNA.
B) major histocompatibility antigens.
C) different types of phospholipids in a cell's membrane.
D) "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells.
b
Key Terms
Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing:
A) cellular RNA.
B) major histocompatibility antigens.
C) different types of phospholipids in a cell's membrane.
D) "nonself" enzymes secreted by foreign cells.
b
Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the following cells?
A) Red blood cells
B) B lymphocytes and macrophages only
C) All body cells except for red blood cells
D) Liver, heart, and bone marrow cells only
c
Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during an immune response?
A) Plasma cells
B) T cells
C) Memory cells
D) Pluripotent cells
a
Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their antigen to the immune system and activating an immune response?
A) Helper T cell
B) Mast cell
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
d
Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses?
A) Plasma cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) Helper T cells
d
CD4 receptors that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are found on:
A) helper T cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
a
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Immune cells distinguish "self" from "nonself" by recognizing: | b |
Major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) antigens are found on which of the following cells? | c |
Which of the following cells has the capacity to produce antibodies during an immune response? | a |
Which cell ingests microorganisms for the purposes of presenting their antigen to the immune system and activating an immune response? | d |
Which cell stimulates both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses? | d |
CD4 receptors that bind to the surface of macrophages and B cells are found on: | a |
Which process confers long-lasting immunity against a specific organism? | a |
The predominant antibody of a typical secondary immune response is: | a |
If a person is exposed to antigen X and is later exposed to antigen X again, which of the following immune responses will occur? | b |
What type of immunity is conferred when an individual is given a vaccine? | c |
Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? | c |
Which is the main antibody transferred from a mother to an infant in breast milk? | d |
When a person has an allergic reaction to bee stings, which antibody causes the life-threatening hypersensitivity response? | c |
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells can destroy infected or cancer cells by which of the following mechanisms? | d |
How do natural killer (NK) cells differ from cytotoxic T (Tc) cells? | a |
A 20-year-old female has been diagnosed with AIDS. Laboratory testing would reveal diminished levels of: | c |
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a large tapeworm. Which of the following cells would be produced in response to this worm? | b |
When a person has an allergic reaction to a bee sting, which type of hypersensitivity response is occurring? | a |
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by which of the following antibodies? | d |
The most severe type I hypersensitivity response is: | d |
Which cells are stimulated by the presence of antibodies in a type I hypersensitivity reaction? | a |
In type II hypersensitivity, tissue injury is caused by: | d |
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions involves the formation of antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that get deposited on vessel walls or in extravascular tissue? | c |
A positive tuberculin skin test for detecting the presence of tuberculosis is indicative of which type of hypersensitivity reaction? | d |
What is the effect of repeated exposure to an allergen in an atopic individual? | a |
Desensitization therapy improves allergies by which of the following mechanisms? | a |
Which of the following features is characteristic of a type IV hypersensitivity? | b |
Type IV hypersensitivities, such as poison ivy reactions, are initiated by: | c |
What type of reaction occurs when the body mounts an aggressive response against an organ transplanted from another person? | c |
Autoimmunity can result from all of the following hypersensitivities except: | a |
Manifestations of the autoimmune disease SLE include: | c |
A person with type O blood has which of the following antigens present on their red blood cells? | d |
Transfusion of A-negative blood to an O-positive individual will have which of the following results? | b |
Individuals with immunodeficiencies are at risk for: | c |
The microorganism that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a: | c |
The microorganism that causes AIDS can be transmitted through: | d |
HIV inserts its genetic material by binding to the _____ on the helper T cell. | c |
After initial infection with the HIV, most individuals: | b |
If blood cell counts from an individual with AIDS were analyzed, you would expect to see very low quantities of: | a |
Serious systemic fungal infections and parasitic infections usually only develop in individuals who are: | a |
Vaccine can be formed from all of the following agents except: | a |
Which pair of relatives has the highest chance of sharing both HLA haplotypes, making them a good match for an organ transplant from one to the other? | c |
Type I hypersensitivity reaction | o IgE mediated |
Type II hypersensitivity | o Tissue specific - IgG/IgM |
Histamine acts through H1 receptors by: | contracting bronchial smooth muscles, causing brochial constriction, increasing vascular permeability, which causes edema and vasodiltion. Leads to an increase in blood flow to affected area. |
H2 receptors interact with histamine results in: | increase in gastric acid secretion and a decrease in histamine released from mast cells and basophils |
Type III Hypersensitivity | o Immune complex mediated - IgG/IgM |
Type IV Hypersensitivity | o Mediated by T lymphocytes- Don't involve antibody |
aneuploid cell | variation of chromosomal number that causes a cell to have too many or too few chromosomes; total number of chromosomes is not a multiple of 23 as it is in triploidy or tetraploidy. |
complementary base pairing | the consistent pairing of adenine & thymine and of guanine & cytosine; ensures accurate replication of DNA. |
Cri du chat syndrome | condition caused by deletion on chromosome 5; child has cat-like cry, low birth weight, mental retardation, microcephaly and heart defects |
Down syndrome | trisomy-21; most well known aneuploidy, occurs in about 1:800 live births; characterized by mental retardation, sterility, poor muscle tone, congenital heart defects, characteristic facial features and lowered life expectancy (about 60 years). |
Duplication | excess genetic material; usually less severe than deletions |
Euploid | cells with a normal number of chromosomes (diploid = 46, haploid = 23) |
Expressivity | the extent of variation in a phenotype associated with a particular genotype |
Klinefelter Syndrome | individuals with XXY karyotype, may have moderate mental impairment, male appearance but may have hypogonadism and sterility, high pitched voice and mosaicism (duel XXY & XY karyotypes). |
Triploidy | mutation that causes cells to have 3 copies of each chromosome, resulting in 69 chromosomes; incompatible with life |
Turner Syndrome | monoploidy of sex chromosome (karyotype 45, X); may cause learning diabilities, short stature, coarctation of aorta and sterility. |
abrasion | results from removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object |
adaptation | A reversable, structural, or functional response both to normal (physiologic) conditions and to adverse (pathologic) conditions in order to maintain homeostasis. |
algor mortis | postmortem reduction in body temp |
asphyxial injury | injury caused by failure of cells to receive or use oxygen |
bilirubin | normal yellow-green pigment of bile derived from the porphyrin structure of hemoglobin; excessive levels cause jaundice; unconjugated bilirubin is lipid soluble and can damage cell membranes |
blunt force injury | mechanical injury to body resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing; most common injury seen in healthcare, caused by blows or impact, MVA, and falls |
carbon monoxide | an odorless, colorless and undetectable gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuels like gasoline; causes hypoxic injury |
caseous necrosis | a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis that usually results from TB infection; the dead cells disintegrate but debris is not fully digested, so tissues resemble soft cheese |
chopping wound | heavy edged instruments (axes, hatchets, propeller blades, etc) produce wounds with a combination of sharp and blunt force characteristics. |
coagulative necrosis | occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal cells; commonly results from hypoxia/ischemia; caused by protein denaturation (particularly albumin) |
compensatory hyperplasia | an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate; occurs significantly in epidermal and intestinal epithelia, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, fibroblasts, and some bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle. |
contusion | bruising; bleeding into skin or underlying tissues |
cyanide | chemical asphyxiant that blocks the intracellular use of oxygen; signs are similar to carbon monoxide posioning |
disuse atrophy | atrophy that occurs in skeletal muscles with prolonged periods of non use |
dry-lung drowning | drowning that occurs with little or no water entering lungs due to vagal nerve mediated larynogospasms; occurs in 15% of drownings |
dysplasia | abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cels |
dystrophic calcification | calcification of dying and dead tissues that occurs as a reaction to tissue injury; necrosis is one example |
exit wound | gunshot injury; has the same appearance regardless of range of fire; size cannot determine if entrance or exit wound; usually has clean edges |
fat necrosis | cellular dissolution caused by lipases that occur most often in breast, pancreas, and abdominal structures; lipases break down triglycerides, which combine with Ca, Mg, and Na ions to form opaque and chalk-white soaps. |
fetal alcohol syndrome | caused by prenatal alcohol exposure; causes growth retardation, facial anomalies, cognitive impairment and occular malformation |
frailty | clinical syndrome in older adults involving negative energy balance, sarcopenia, and diminished strength and tolerance for exertion, which leaves a person vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disability, disease, and death. |
gangrenous necrosis | death of tissue from hypoxia, commonly from arteiosclerosis and affecting lower leg; may be be classified as dry, where the skin appears brown and wrinkled, or wet, where the skin appears cold, swollen and black as a result of liquefactive necrosis occurring at the site |