Genetics & Cell Injury – Clinical Pathophysiology Part 3

a yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin; responsible for the yellow color of bruises

occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs such as the uterus and breast; enables buildup of endometrium in preparation of pregnancy

sewer gas; a chemical asphyxiant, causes brown-tinged blood and nonspecific signs of asphyxiation

an increase in the NUMBER of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division

increase in the SIZE of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ

lack of sufficient oxygen; most common cause of cell injury

reduced blood supply; often caused by ateriosclerosis or thombosis

nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin from the action of hydrolytic enzymes

tear or rip resulting when tensile strength of skin or tissue is exceeded; injury is ragged and irregular with adbraided edges

commonly results from ischemic injury to nerve and glial cells in brain; injured cells release hydrolases that digests brain tissue; tissue becomes soft, liquefies, and segregates, forming cysts. May be caused by staph, strep, or E. coli infections.

a purple discoloration that occurs postmortem as gravity causes blood to pool in the lowest tissues

the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type

mineral deposits that occur in undamaged tissues due to hypercalcemia

the sum of cellular changes after local cell death, characterized by the rapid loss of the plasma membrane, organelle swelling, mitochrondrial dysfunction, and lack of typical features of apoptosis.

occurs when free radicals overwhelm endogenous antioxidant systems

atrophy that occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal or nervous stimulation.

the abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells

atrophy that occurs early in development, like with the thymus gland

postmortem putrification changes that begin to occur 24-48 hours after death; caused by the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution.

injury caused by instrument or object with sharp points but no sharp edges (such as a nail); prone to infection, have abrasions of edges and can be very deep

type of nuclear dissolution where the nucleus shrinks and becomes a small, dense mass of genetic material

injury that results from the restoration of oxygen following hypoxic event due to oxidative stress which causes further cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload

the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death due to depletion of ATP, causing detachment of myosin from actin in muscle cells

a penetrating sharp force injury that is deep than it is long; wound may be almost closed by tissue pressure, causing little superficial bleeding despite copious internal bleeding

Small protein that is linked to other proteins as a way of marking the targeted protein for degradation by proteasomes.

the primary pathway of protein catabolism

formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm and swelling of lysosomes and mitochondria result from damage to the outer membrane if O2 is not restored

toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals; bind to lipoproteins and can penetrate lipid bilayer

protein in plasma that protects cells by binding with unconjugated bilirubin

The ability to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and affect the nervous and hematopoietic systems is a characteristic of

The appropriate term for fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder that are embedded in the epidermis is:

Tuberculous infections are likely to result in a form of necrosis called:

aging
disuse (skeletal tissue)
ischemia [restriction in blood supply to tissue] (heart, brain)
inadequate nutrition
decrease in work load, use, blood supply, hormones, and nervous stimulation

skeletal muscle: person with cast, spinal cord injury, bed rest patient

heart atrophy: no blood supply to part of heart, chamber of heart can atrophy

adaptation for loss (kidney)
physiological (skeletal muscle)
hormone induced (uterus)

loss of kidney: other kidney enlarges
utreus in pregnancy
heart secondary to hypertension or diseased heart valves

reversible replacement of one mature cell by another cell

allows for replacement with cells that are better able to tolerate environmental stresses

smoking

replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells

replacement of ciliated epithelial cells in trachea with non-ciliated cells, airway not protected

cervix
respiratory tract

epithelia tissue of cervix

malignancy
neoplastic growths

strong indicator of development of breast cancer

often found adjacent to cancerous cells

hypoxia
chemical
infectious
immunologic & inflammatory
nutritional imbalances
physical agents

ischemia: reduction of blood flow

caused by arteriosclerosis (narrowing of arteries/harden arteries) or thrombosis (blockage by blood clots)

skin shrinks, dry wrinkled, black to brown

skin is atrophied and crackled, occurs in the extremities, looks like prune

neutophils (WBC) invade - usually internal organs which become cold, swollen and black

slimy, worse odor, occurs in internal organ, bacterial infection with invasion of neutrophils, cold, swollen, black

The development of new capillaries

A decrease in circulating hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood because of decreased erythrocyte production, decreased hemoglobin production, excessive hemolysis, or loss of blood

A substance or process that destroys neoplastic cells

A decreased number of leukocytes in the blood

Spread of cancer cells to distant sites by the blood or lymphatics; secondary malignant tumor

Abnormally low number of thrombocytes or platelets

1) Heat
2) Redness
3) Tenderness
4) Swelling
5) Pain

Mast cells

the blood

A blood protein concerned with blood coagulation

chemical mediator of inflammation, part of the kinin system

Source: Synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells
Action: Vasodilation & increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis

Source: Synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells
Action: Vasodilation & increased capillary permeability, pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect

The movement of cells toward or away from an area of the body in response to chemical signals; (i.e. phagocytic cells move to an area of tissue injury)

Minimal tisse damage; damaged cells recover quickly and return to normal

Cells are capable of mitosis, when necessary, to help fill in the tissue where cells were destroyed

Connective tissue takes place when there is extensive tissue damage or the cells are incapable of mitosis

-intact skin: 1st defense, microorganism can't penetrate
-mucous membranes:
-cilia: sweep away microorganism
-washing: tearing of the eyes, flow of urine, saliva
-peristalis: shoves the microorganisms out the other end

-digestive juices: break down microorganisms with acid
-antibacterial substances in secretion: long chain fatty acids

capsules
invasiveness
production of fibrin shields
growth & reproduction intracellularly

very potent proteins that produce specific physiologic effects (good for vaccines)

not particularly strong antigens that produce non-specific effects and are part of structure of the organism such as the cell membrane

chronic inflammatory lesion that stays relatively localized (not very invasive) and occupies space

Macrophage- B and T Lymphocytes

Cell-mediated immunity

Humoral immunity-activated cell becomes and antibody-producing plasma cell or a B memory cell

White blood cells; cell-mediated immunity

B lymphocyte

Large amounts of chemical mediators are released from mast cells into the general circulation very quickly

Vasodilation- lowering of Blood Pressure
Nerve endings irritated- itching
Constriction of bronchioles, release of mucus- airways obstructed, cough, dyspnea

refers to loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the lifespan

Production of antibodies, sensitization of mast cells

Harmless fungus normally present on the skin- common cause of vaginal infection in immunodeficient individuals