HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Part 2
A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Tissues form the building blocks of organs and body structures.
What materials make up the blood?
55% plasma
45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
Key Terms
What materials make up the blood?
55% plasma
45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.
Where are all the elements in blood formed?
Red bone marrow.
What are erythrocytes transformed for?
The transport of O2.
What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes?
The pigmented protein hemoglobin.
How are the five types of leukocytes distinguished?
Size
Appearance of nucleus
Staining properties
Presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules
Which white blood cells are active in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and monocytes
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What materials make up the blood? | 55% plasma 45% formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. |
Where are all the elements in blood formed? | Red bone marrow. |
What are erythrocytes transformed for? | The transport of O2. |
What is most O2 bound to in erythrocytes? | The pigmented protein hemoglobin. |
How are the five types of leukocytes distinguished? | Size Appearance of nucleus Staining properties Presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules |
Which white blood cells are active in phagocytosis? | Neutrophils and monocytes |
Which white blood cells make antibodies? | Lymphocytes |
In which process are platelets active? | Blood clotting |
What is the function of blood? | O2 transport Carry CO2 and metabolic waste away |
What is found in 10% of plasma? | Proteins Ions Nutrients Waste products Hormones All these dissolve or suspend in H2O. |
What is the function of the heart? | Sends blood to lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder of the body through the systemic circuit. |
Where is blood received in the heart? | Blood is received in the atria |
Where is blood pumped into circulation in the heart? | The ventricles |
Which valve is on the right side of the heart? | Tricuspid |
Which valve is on the left side of the heart? | Bicuspid |
Where are the semilunar valves in the heart? | Found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. |
What supplies blood to the myocardium? | The coronary arteries |
Where does blood drain to from the myocardium? | Directly into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. |
Where is the heart beat initiated? | By the sinoatrial node and transmitted along a conduction system through the myocardium |
What is a cardiac cycle? | The period from the end of the next ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. |
What is the name for the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle? | Systole |
What is the name for the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle? | Diastole |
What structures are included in the vascular system? | ateries veins capillaries |
Where do arteries carry blood? | Toward the heart |
Where do veins carry blood? | Away from the heart |
What occurs in the capillaries? | Blood and surrounding tissues exchange water, nutrients, and waste products. |
Where do the systemic arteries begin? | With the aorta, which sends branches to all parts of the body |
What happens to arteries as the go further from the heart? | They become thinner |
What is the name for the smallest arteries? | Arterioles |
What are the names of the veins parallel to the arteries? | Carry the same name as the arteries |
Which are the largest veins? | Superior and inferior venae cavae |
How is the structure of the walls of arteries? | Thick and elastic in order to carry blood under high pressure |
What are causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation? | The contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial walls. |
What does the contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial walls influence? | Blood pressure and blood distribution to tissues |
How is the structure of the veins in comparison to the structure of arteries? | Thinner and less elastic, as they carry blood under lower pressure |
What are the components of the respiratory system? | Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi lungs muscles surrounding ribs |
Where is respiration controlled? | The respiratory control center of the medulla |
What is the function of the respiratory system? | Supply O2 and eliminate CO2 |
What is external respiration? | The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli |
What is internal respiration? | The exchange of gases between blood and the body cells. |
What is the function of the passageways between the nasal cavity and the alveoli? | Conduct gases to and from the lungs. |
What is the function of the upper passageways? | Warm, filter, and moisten incoming air. |
What lines the upper respiratory tubules? | Cilia to help trap debris and keep foreign substances from entering the lungs. |
What occurs during inhalation? | The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity and draw air into the lungs |
What occurs during exhalation? | The lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. |
When is oxygen released from hemoglobin? | As the concentration of O2 drops in tissues |
What happens to carbon dioxide in red blood cells? | Some is carried in solutions or bound to proteins in the blood. Most is converted to carbonic anhydrase |
What does the changing of carbon to carbonic anyhydrase release? | Hydrogen ions, which regulate blood pH |
Which structures make the alimentary canal? | mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus |
What are the accessory organs of the alimentary canal? | Liver Pancreas Gallbladder |
What structures produce saliva? | Three pairs of salivary glands |
What is the enzyme in saliva that starts complex carb digestion? | Amylase |
What are the four main layers of the digestive system? | From innermost to outer: Mucous membrane Submucous layer Muscular layer Serous layer |
What substance is secreted by the stomach when food enters it? | Hydrochloric acid |
What is chyme? | Soupy substance resulting from the stomach churning and mixing the bolus. |
What happens to chyme? | The stomach moves it into the small intestine |
What occurs in the small intestine? | Digestion & absorption of food. |
What substances help digest food in the small intestine? | enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas and bile from the liver. |
Besides enzymes, what other substances are contributed by the pancreas? | water to dilute the chyme bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach |
What are the 3 major regions of the small intestine? | The duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
Where are nutrients absorbed? | Through the walls of the small intestine. |
What nutrients are absorbed into the blood? | The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and carbs. |
Where are most fats absorbed? | Into the lymphs and lacteals, eventually added into the bloodstream. |
Where do nutrients enter for decontamination? | Nutrients enter the liver through the hepatic portal vein. |
What are villi? | Small finger-like structures that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall. |
What is the function of the large intestine? | Reabsorbs water, stores and eliminates undigested food. |
What are the five portions of the large intestine? | Ascending colon Transverse colon Sigmoid colon Rectum |
What structures make up the urinary system? | 2 kidney bladder urethra |
What are the functional units of the kidney? | The nephrons |
What is the function of the nephrons? | Filter material out of blood brought through the kidneys by the renal artery. |
In which renal structure does filtration actually occur? | Bowman's capsule of the nephron. |
What force aids filtration? | Blood pressure aids filtration in the Bowman's capsule |
Which components in glomerular filtrate reenter the blood? | Components such as water, glucose, and ions, reenter the blood leave the nephron by diffusion and reenter the blood. |
What is reabsorbed in the tubules of the nephron? | Water |
What is the final product produced by the nephrons? | Urine |
What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs? | Production of gametes and hormones. |
What controls the functions of the male and female sex organs? | Tropic hormones from the pituitary gland. |
What is the difference between reproductive activity between men and women? | Reproductive activity is cyclic in women, but continuous in men. |
What forms the gametes? | Meiosis |
Where does sperm develop in the male sex organs? | Within the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
Where is testosterone produced? | In the intersitial cells between the seminiferous tubules. |
What does testosterone influence? | Sperm cell development & secondary male sex characteristics such as body hair & a deep voice. |
Where are sperm stored once mature? | In the epididymis of each testis. |
What makes up the pathways for the sperm during ejaculation? | vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra |
What lies along the pathways for sperm? | The glands that produce semen, the transport medium for sperm. |
What hormones control testicular activity? | FSH-regulates sperm production LH (Intersitial cell stimulating hormone)-stimulates testosterone production. |
What occurs in the female ovarian follicles every month? | FSH stimulates eggs to ripen within the follicle. |
What is the function of estrogen during the woman's cycle? | Prepare the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. |
What occurs at the 14th day of the female cycle? | A surge of LH is released from the pituitary gland. |
What is the function of LH? | Stimulate ovulation and the conversion of the corpus to the corpus luteum. |
What does the corpus luteum secrete? | Progesterone and estrogen which stimulates the development of the endometrium. |
What happens if fertilization occurs? | The corpus Luteum remains functional. |
What occurs when fertilization does not occur? | The corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins. |
What occurs to the egg after ovulation? | The egg is swept to the oviduct or fallopian tube. |
What occurs to the fertilized egg? | The zygote travels to the uterus and is implanted to the endometrium. |
What nourishes the fetus in the uterus? | The embryo is nourished by the placenta. |
What forms the placenta? | Maternal and embryonic tissue. |
Other than nourishment, what is another function of the placenta? | Maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production. |
Male reproductive organs | |
Female reproductive organs |