Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Part 2

the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys

the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex: abdomen or legs

the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface - e.g. - identifying the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin or to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses or draw blood

cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth

renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels)

anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals

cells

organ systems

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury - made up of hair, nails and skin

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Made up of skeletal muscles

The fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body

includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities

Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

3 components -- the receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action (determines the set point - the level that must be maintained) and then the info flows to the effector which provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus (output). The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus by either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)

the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood sugar (endocrine mechanism)

Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these

metabolism

because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life

Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.

the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

superior

inferior

anterior (ventral)

posterior (dorsal)

medial

lateral

intermediate

proximal

distal

superficial

deep

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.

thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range

This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.

Axial part - head, neck and trunk. Appendicular part- appendages or limbs

designate specific areas within major body divisions

Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts

median for the sagittal plane

offset from the midline or midsagittal plane

vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts

horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts

are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the verical planes

cranial cavity

vertebral cavity

thoracic cavity

diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

cranial and vertebral cavity

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

pleural cavities

pericardial cavity

ventral

serosa or serous membrane

parietal serosa

visceral serosa

serous fluid

umbilical region

epigastric region

hypogastric region (pubic)

iliac or inguinal regions

lumbar

Hypochondriac

right hypochondriac

Epigastric region

left hypochondriac

right lumbar region

umbilical region

left lumbar region

right iliac region (inguinal )

hypogastric region

left iliac region (inguinal)

The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position

axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder

a frontal (coronal ) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts