Nervous System

(CNS) brain and spinal cord.

Body Nerves that connect to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and limbs.

Controls involuntary bodily functions (not consciously controlled), such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

Controls voluntary bodily functions (consciously controlled), such as controlling skeletal muscles

1. Sensory Reception-end of peripheral neurons monitor conditions( light,sound,temperature)

2. Integrative Functions- Sensory messages that get sent repeatedly get remembered "motor functions" (subconscious actions)

1. Stimuli: physical or chemical signal (ex. hot room)

2. Nerve impulse (ex. sends signal to brain)

3. Effectors: muscle & glands react (ex. sweat glands start sweating)

Things that initiate nerve impulses (ex. hot room)

Response (ex. Sweating)

Complex muscle-and-nerve acts that produce movement (walking, writing, typing running etc.)

A nerve impulse is partially electric (change in polarity/charge) and partially chemical (neurotransmitters)

Where the nerve impulse is sent (connection of 2 neurons) .

Action Potential changes the charge of the synapse (causes electricity) and Neurotransmitters are sent.

Covering of Schwann Cells, Speeds up nerve impulses.

The long threadlike part of a nerve cell that carry the nerve impulse

Branch like extensions on a neuron that GET signals and connect to the synapse

Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another 'target' neuron

Most of the brain/spinal cord & is mylinated

Found in eyes, nose, and ears

Classified as an "Interneuron": connects PNS to CNS

Accepts Sensory messages (feelings & senses)

Found outside of the brain and spinal cord

Nerve cells that transmit sensory information (sight, smell, sound etc.)

Unipolar shaped Neurons

Nerve cells that serve as that connection between Peripheral Nerves to Central Nervous System.

Bipolar shaped Neurons

Nerve cells responsible for making an action or movement happen.

Multipolar Shaped Neurons

A protein on the outside membrane of a neuron at the Synapse.

Changes the charge (aka. polarity) of the neuron.

Moves sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane to change the "electricity" of the neuron.

1.) Sodium Channel Opens

2.) Sodium Channel Closes

3.) Potassium Channel Opens

4.) Potassium Channel Closes

During nerve impulse, electrical charge increases to Action Potential (30mV)

During nerve impulse (Action Potential), electrical charge decreases to Resting Potential (-70mV)

Action potential- highest charge

Resting Potential

(both the start and end in Sodium Potassium Pump)

Non-active state of a neuron (not sending an impulse)

Highest charge of a neuron, 30mV (caused by Sodium Potassium Pump) -- causes a Nerve Impulse

Starts an action potential.

Time it takes to send a nerve impulse (Action Potential of Sodium Potassium Pump)

1. Cerebellum

2. Cerebrum

3. Diencephalon

4. Brainstem

"Brain" area

Divided into Right and left hemispheres, connected by the Corpus Callosum

"Middle of brain"- in between Cerebrum & Brain Stem

Consists of:

1. Hypothalamus

2. Thalamus

Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth, balanced muscular activity

Tremors or movement issues.

Connects brain to spinal cord

Made up...

1. Midbrain

2. Pons

3. Medulla Oblongata

Controls left body,

Creative, Visual, facial recognition, visual, and musical traits

Controls Right Body

Logical, Math, Calculations, Organized traits

Connects the left and right hemispheres(sides) of the brain

Brain ridges or Brain wrinkles

Shallow wrinkles of the brain

Deep groove of the brain

An experiment that discovered differences in the right and left brain hemispheres; won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Controls your logic, decision making, concentration, and personality

Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Controls your hearing & memory.

Controls vision/sight

Controls Language and Speech

Brocas: hearing and interpreting speech

Wernickes's: writing

Controls Memory

important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories.

Accepts sensory messages

Takes messages from the Thalamus and sends signals to glands.

Helps regulate body temperature, certain metabolic processes and other autonomic activities

Controls Emotions

"almond" shaped

Controls Emotion.

Includes:

1.Thalamus & Hypothalamus

2. Amygdala

3. Hippocampus

4. Olfactory bulbs.

A portion of the Central Nervous System controls reflexes

Transfers messages along the spinal cord.

Located below the pons

Controls some autonomic functions (ex. breathing, swallowing)

Regulate involuntary actions like the intestines, heart, and glands.

Mediates the overall level of consciousness

During Sleep: Reticular Formation off

Damage to Reticular Formation leads to...

Decreases Reticular Formation (ability to turn brain on or off)

The protective covering over the brain & spinal cord.

Infection of meninges, causes of infection include bacteria, viruses, cancer, and brain injury

Spinal Tap can test for this...

A nerve pathway that goes upward from the spinal cord toward the brain carrying sensory information

Nerves pathway going down the spinal cord

The first four cervical spinal nerves. (C1-C4)

A network of nerves that send signals to your spine, shoulders, arms, and hands. (C5-T1)

Network of nerves found in between the thoracic region of the spine. (T1- T11)

Network of nerves found at base of spinal cord (T11 - S5)

A major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and dividing above the knee joint.

It is the nerve with the largest diameter in the human body

Common Injury

Starts up (stimulates the brain)

Calms the brain and helps create balance

Neurotransmitter, skeletal muscle contractions

Neurotransmitter, Reduces pain, fight or flight

Neurotransmitter, feel good

(low amounts: depression)

Neurotransmitter, feel good

Regulates attention, cognition, movement, pleasure, and hormonal processes

(Low amounts: Parkinson's)

Neurotransmitter, that causes the feeling of sleepiness

(Low amounts: Aggression)

There is not one cure for any type of personality disorder. Every person is different and must be treated differently

Since there is a personality issue, drugs do not necessarily fix the issue

Symptoms begin to show around age 18 in men and age 25 in women

What age do those suffering from Schizophrenia typically begin to show symptoms

Sense Smell

Linked to the Hippocampus (the reason why smell is so related to memory)