Back to AI Flashcard MakerNursing /Nursing ATI TEAS 7 Test Part 5
What is the integumentary system's responsibility?
some excretion (water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, lactic acid) via glands
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the integumentary system's responsibility?
some excretion (water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, lactic acid) via glands
Endocrine System (main functions)
regulates many functions in the body by secreting hormones (chemicals that act as signals) into the circulatory system. Hormones include insulin, gluc...
Major glands in the endocrine system
pineal and pituitary (brain), thyroid and parathyroid (neck), thymus (behind sternum), adrenals (on top of kidneys), pancreas, and ovaries or testes
What does the endocrine system regulate?
all of the body's biological processes in some way, including metabolism, brain and nervous system function, growth and sexual development, blood cell...
Where do the nervous and endocrine systems integrate?
at the hypothalamus in the brain. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to send signals to the hypothalamus, which secretes releasing or inhibit...
The pituitary
acts as a 'master gland' by releasing hormones to other parts of the body
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the integumentary system's responsibility? | some excretion (water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, lactic acid) via glands |
Endocrine System (main functions) | regulates many functions in the body by secreting hormones (chemicals that act as signals) into the circulatory system. Hormones include insulin, glucagon, melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, thyroxine, cortisol. |
Major glands in the endocrine system | pineal and pituitary (brain), thyroid and parathyroid (neck), thymus (behind sternum), adrenals (on top of kidneys), pancreas, and ovaries or testes |
What does the endocrine system regulate? | all of the body's biological processes in some way, including metabolism, brain and nervous system function, growth and sexual development, blood cell formation, appetite, sleep and wake cycles, salt and water balance, reproduction, and response injury or stress (including the 'fight or flight' response) |
Where do the nervous and endocrine systems integrate? | at the hypothalamus in the brain. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to send signals to the hypothalamus, which secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones to the pituitary |
The pituitary | acts as a 'master gland' by releasing hormones to other parts of the body |
Homeostasis | the state of maintaining a steady internal environment. A self-regulating process, it works mainly through negative feedback loops and hormone regulation in response to changes |
Urinary system (main function) | excretion |
Urinary system (main organs) | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
Kidneys | filter blood to remove waste (particularly nitrogenous waste from protein digestion), manufacture urine, balance body fluids, produce renin to help regulate blood pressure, release the hormone erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell formation, and produce active form of vitamin D |
Nephron | functional unit of the kidney. Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, and filtrate is carried away through the tubule |
Ureters | small tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder, where it is held until it is released through the urethra. Males have a longer urethra, which passes through the penis and carries both urine and semen |
Immune system (main function) | protects the body from pathogens. Two major components: innate and adaptive |
Innate immune system | a series of nonspecific barriers, consists of both external physical barriers (skin, hair mucus, earwax) and internal barriers in the form of cellular and chemical responses (including the inflammatory response, phagocytes, antimicrobial peptides, interferons, and natural killer lymphocytes) to reduce the number of pathogens that can enter the body or multiply |
Adaptive immune system | both reacts (cellular response; fights pathogens) and remembers (humoral response; antibodies) |
Lymphocytes | a white blood cell type that includes T cells (killer and healer) and B cells. When T cells recognize a pathogen, they activate the B cells, which multiply rapidly and produce antibodies against specific antigens. B cells then clone into memory cells to be able to recognize the antigen at a later time. |
Passive immunity | immunity is received from a source outside the body (such as when an infant has antibodies acquired via the placenta and breast milk). |
Active immunity | natural immunity results when a person is directly exposed to a pathogen and produces antibodies through the body's immune response |
Skeletal system (main function) | movement, protection, storage of minerals (mainly calcium, and phosphorous), and lipids |
Five bone types | long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Bones are attached to other bones by ligaments and to muscles by tendons |
Long bones | are longer that they are wide. They include the femur, humerus, and many other bones of the appendicular skeleton. They have hallow shafts containing marrow, which stores lipids (fats), support the body, and are involved in movement. |
Short bones | are about as wide as they are long and include carpal and tarsal bones |
Flat bones | include the ribs and sternum. They protect vital organs and contain marrow but are not hallow. |
Irregular bones | vary in size and shape and include the vertebrae and mandible. |
Sesamoid bones | are round, small, and embedded in tendons. They are found in the hands, feet, and knees (patella). |
Hyaline cartilage | and synovial fluid cushion the ends of bones to keep them from grinding against each other |
Two types of bone cells | osteoblasts (secrete mineral deposits and build bone and build bone) and osteoclasts (degrade bone) |
Cell | the basic structural and organizational unit or organisms |
Prokaryotic cells | the simplest and most ancient cells. They do not have nuclei or organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes. |
Eukaryotic cells | cells that have a nucleus, a cell (plasma) membrane, and other membrane-bound organelles. They are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Plant cells differ from animal cells by having chloroplasts (organelles where photosynthesis occurs) and a cell wall. |