Nursing Fundamentals - Nutrition and Diets

greens: collard greens, broccoli, kale

bones: canned fish

dairy products: milk and cheese

Calcium intake prevents osteoporosis. Too much calcium can cause kidney stones.

Salty foods:

bacon

canned food

processed foods

table salt

bread

soy sauce

steak sauce

ketchup

Too much sodium can lead to fluid retention.

avocado

nuts

legumes

tofu

Magnesium is good for nerve and muscle function.

bananas

oranges

tomatoes

potatoes

spinach

dried apricot

cantaloupe

Potassium is good for cardiac and muscle function. Will need a low potassium diet for renal failure.

meat

dairy

nuts

Phosphorus is good for bone/teeth formation and for making proteins.

whole-grain carbs: oats, brown rice

refined carbs: cookies and cakes made with white flour

A diet high in refined carbs can contribute to obesity and diabetes mellitus.

good fats: unsaturated fat - olive oil and nuts

bad fats: saturated fat - butter and fat from red meat

A diet high in bad fats can contribute to cardiac disease.

fruits and vegetables

beans and legumes

grains

A diet high in fiber is very healthy.

meat

dairy

Protein is very good for healing.

citrus fruits

Vitamin C is good for healing and absorption of iron.

Both vitamin C and protein contain the building blocks for muscle and tissue growth.

green leafy vegetables

meat

legumes

nuts

eggs

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects in fetus and folate-deficiency anemia.

meats/liver

lentils and beans

egg yolks

spinach

dried fruit

iron fortified cereals like raisin bran

Iron is the building block for red blood cells and is good for preventing anemia.

green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin, an anticoagulant.

fortified milk and cereals

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Vitamin D can also be acquired from the sun.

beef, liver, chicken, fish

dairy

eggs

Vitamin B12 prevents B12 deficiency anemia.

banana

avocado

kiwi

papaya

fig

potato

tomato

broccoli

Brussel sprouts

cabbage

beans/lentils

garlic

Avoid these foods for those that have a colostomy/ileostomy and with breastfeeding.

ileostomy/colostomy: the bag can expand and break

breastfeeding: infant can have excessive gas and stomach pain

alcoholism

liver disease: cirrhosis and hepatitis

men: < 2 drinks daily

women: < 1 drink daily

5 ounces wine 12 ounces beer 1.5 ounces shot

NPO means nothing by mouth - no food or water.

It is commonly prescribed:

before some diagnostic tests and all surgeries

after abdominal surgery until bowel sounds come back

Diet order may say, “NPO except ice chips”.

gelatin

hard candy

broth

coffee and tea

popsicles

soda

It is indicated after many surgeries: check for bowel sounds first.

ice cream

milk

pudding/custard

fruit and vegetable juice

It is indicated after the client has tolerated clear liquids.

A regular diet is when the client has no restrictions on foods.

Recommended servings include:

1-2 cups of fruit

1-3 cups of vegetables

3-8 ounces of grains

2-6 ounces of protein

1.5-3 cups of dairy 1 oz of grains = 1 slice of bread; 1 oz of protein = 1 egg.

Food needs to be mashed or chopped like mashed potatoes, pasta, canned fruit, vegetables, and cookies with no nuts.

It is indicated for clients with difficulty chewing and swallowing.

Fluids are thickened with a substance.

It is indicated for those with difficulty swallowing, especially those that had a stroke or are elderly.

24-hour restriction of:

1000 mL or

1500 mL or

2000 mL

It is indicated for clients with heart failure or renal failure.

Low in fluids, electrolytes (especially sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) and proteins.

High in carbohydrates.

Kidneys can’t get rid of extra water or the toxins from the breakdown of protein and electrolytes.

A diet for clients with gout: avoid foods such as meats, alcohol, sweetbreads, and fish.

These foods break down into purines and then uric acid which builds up toxins in the body.

DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium

high in fruits and veggies, whole-grains

no caffeine

This healthy diet prevents the build-up of plaque on arteries which can contribute to cardiac disease and prevents hypertension.

For malabsorption diseases of the: liver, gallbladder or pancreas.

The organs are unable to release the enzymes that breakdown fat.

For clients with diabetes mellitus: low in sugar and refined carbohydrates.

The pancreas doesn't release enough insulin to transport glucose into cells.

Low fiber diet is for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Low fiber prevents diarrhea.

For preventing constipation.

Fiber prevents constipation by adding bulk.

For debilitating diseases like cancer, burns, kidney disease, cirrhosis, heart disease and COPD.

Extra calories are needed because the body burns off calories quickly.

\< 2 grams of sodium a day (about 1 teaspoon).

It is for hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease.

Too much sodium can cause fluid volume overload since salt holds onto water.

For celiac disease and those with gluten sensitivity:

avoid BROW: barley, rye, oats, and wheat

instead eat corn, rice or millet

The body doesn't make the protein that breaks down gluten.

For clients taking MAOIs (a type of antidepressant medication).

Avoid aged foods such as:

soy sauce

liver

aged cheese

smoked, cured, and processed meats

sausage

alcohol

bananas

avocado

The client can go into a hypertensive crisis if an MAOI and tyramine-containing food is taken together.

folic acid supplements and multivitamin

extra 300 calories/day during pregnancy

extra 200-500 calories/day if breastfeeding

Folic acid prevents neural tube defects.

When the client cannot digest lactose, which is in many dairy products.

Hard cheeses, cottage cheese and yogurt are OK to eat.

Vegetarian diet

Vegan diet

Lacto-vegetarian diet

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet

Vegetarian diet: no animal foods

Vegan diet: plants only

Lacto-vegetarian: dairy and plants

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: dairy, eggs, and plants

Includes pureed, mashed, ground, finely chopped foods.

shrimp

sausage

fried chicken