OCR Biology A - 2.1.6 - Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation Part 3
This deck covers key concepts related to cell division, cell diversity, and cellular organisation, focusing on the structure and function of various tissues and systems.
Cardiac muscles
Key Terms
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscle
Lines walls of intestines, blood vessels, uterus and urinary tracts | Propels substances along these tracts
What does epidermal tissue consist of
Flattened cells that apart from guard cells lack chloroplasts and form a protective covering over leaves, stems and roots
What do some epidermal cells have
Walls with a waxy substance (cuticle) | Important as reduces water loss - plants in dry areas
What does meristematic tissue contain
Stem cells | From this all other plant tissues are derived
Where is meristematic tissue found
Meristems: At root and shoot tips | In the cambium of vascular bundles
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Cardiac muscles | Makes up the walls of the heart, allowing it to pump | Forms cross-bridges to ensure that the muscle contracts in a squeezing action |
Smooth muscle | Lines walls of intestines, blood vessels, uterus and urinary tracts | Propels substances along these tracts |
What does epidermal tissue consist of | Flattened cells that apart from guard cells lack chloroplasts and form a protective covering over leaves, stems and roots |
What do some epidermal cells have | Walls with a waxy substance (cuticle) | Important as reduces water loss - plants in dry areas |
What does meristematic tissue contain | Stem cells | From this all other plant tissues are derived |
Where is meristematic tissue found | Meristems: At root and shoot tips | In the cambium of vascular bundles |
Features of meristem cells | Have thin walls containing little cellulose | Do not have chloroplasts | Do not have a large vacuole | Divide by mitosis and differentiation into other types of cell |
What is vascular tissue concerned with | Transport |
Xylem vessels | Carry water and minerals from roots to all parts of the plant |
Phloem sieve tubes | Transfer the products of photosynthesis in solution from leaves to parts of the plant that do not photosynthesise, such as roots, flowers and growing shoots | Contains sieve tube elements and companion cells |
How do xylem derive from cambium | Differentiation | Lignin is deposited in cell wall - reinforcement and waterproofing | Kills the cells - non - living xylem cells | Ends of cells break down so xylem forms continuous columns with wide lumens to carry water and dissolved minerals | Lignification is incomplete in some areas -> bordered pits |
How do phloem derive from cambium cells | Differentiation: | Sieve tubes lose most of their organelles and sieve plates develop between them from the numerous sieve pores that develop | Companion cells retain their organelles and continue metabolic functions to provide ATP for the active loading of sugars into the sieve tubes |
Function of roots | Anchorage in soil | Absorption of mineral ions and water | Storage |
Life processes carried out by the digestive system | Nutrition to provide ATP and materials for growth and repair |
Life processes carried out by the circulatory system | Transport to and from cells |
Life processes carried out by the respiratory system | Breathing and gaseous exchange excretion |
Life processes carried out by the urinary system | Excretion and osmoregulation |
Life processes carried out by the integumentary system | Waterproofing | Protection | Temp regulation (Skin, hair and nails) |
Life processes carried out by the musculoskeletal system | Support | Protection | Movement |
Life processes carried out by the immune system | Protection against pathogens |
Life processes carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems | Communication | Coordination | Control |
Life processes carried out by the lymphatic system | Lymph nodes and vessels transport fluid back to the circulatory system and is also important in resisting infections |
Why are stem cells able to express all their genes | All genes are switched on |
Potency | A cell’s ability to differentiate |
Totipotent | Can differentiate into any type of cell and produce a whole organism (zygote) |