Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /OCR Biology A - 3.1.1 - Exchange and Transport Part 3
Tracheoles?
Further branches of the tracheae. Vast number gives a large surface area. Some oxygen dissolves in moisture in the walls of the tube and diffuses into the surrounding cells.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Tracheoles?
Further branches of the tracheae. Vast number gives a large surface area. Some oxygen dissolves in moisture in the walls of the tube and diffuses into...
Where is tracheole fluid found?
In the ends of tracheoles.
Why do insects frequently close spiracles?
To reduce water loss.
How do larger insects ventilate their tracheal system?
Sections of the tracheal system can be expanded and contracted by flight muscles. Movement of wings can alter volume of the thorax. Abdomen volume can...
Oxygen conc. in water is?
Typically lower than that in air.
Operculum?
Covers and protects the gills and is active in maintaining a flow of water over the gills.
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Tracheoles? | Further branches of the tracheae. Vast number gives a large surface area. Some oxygen dissolves in moisture in the walls of the tube and diffuses into the surrounding cells. |
Where is tracheole fluid found? | In the ends of tracheoles. |
Why do insects frequently close spiracles? | To reduce water loss. |
How do larger insects ventilate their tracheal system? | Sections of the tracheal system can be expanded and contracted by flight muscles. Movement of wings can alter volume of the thorax. Abdomen volume can also be expanded then reduced. |
Oxygen conc. in water is? | Typically lower than that in air. |
Operculum? | Covers and protects the gills and is active in maintaining a flow of water over the gills. |
Gill arch? | Bony structure with two rows of gill filaments (primary lamellae) coming off it. |
Gill filaments? | Very thin and their surface is folded into many secondary lamellae. |
Where does gas exchange take place in bony fish? | Secondary lamellae - blood capillaries carry deoxygenated blood close to the surface. |
Advantages of counter current flow? | Absorbs maximum amount of oxygen from the water. Ensures steeper conc. gradients are maintained vs a parallel system. Bony fish can remove approx. 80% of O2 from the water. |
Ram-ventilation? | Only occurs when fish are moving. Fish open their mouths and operculums to keep a current of water flowing over their gills. |
Buccal - opercular pump? | Used when fish aren’t moving. |
How does the buccal-opercular pump work? | Base of mouth moves downward, lowering pressure in buccal cavity - water is drawn in. Mouth then closes, pressure of buccal cavity increases - pushing water through gills. At the same time, operculum opens, reducing pressure in opercular cavity helping water flow over gills. |
Inspiratory capacity? | The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in. |
Function of ciliated epithelial? | Move mucus. |
Function of squamous epithelial? | Provide a short diffusion distance. |
Features of nasal cavity? | Large SA w/ good blood supply - warms air to body temp. Hairy lining - secretes mucus to protect lung tissue from infection. Moist surfaces - Increase humidity of incoming air, reducing evaporation. |
Bronchus? | Division of trachea. Also has supporting rings of cartilage but much smaller. Ciliated cells but v. little goblet cells. |
Bronchiole? | No cartilage. Walls contain smooth muscle, contracts to constrict bronchioles, changes amount of air reaching lungs. Lined w/ thin layer of flattened epithelium. |
Adaptations of gills? | Large SA for diffusion. Rich blood supply to maintain conc gradient. Thin layers - short diffusion distance. Tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap - increases resistance to flow of water over gill surfaces and slows down movement of water - more time for gas exchange. |
How is the steep conc gradient maintained in the lungs? | Blood is constantly flowing through and out of lungs, bringing a fresh supply of RBC. Blood arrives in the lungs w/ a lower [O2] and a higher [CO2] than air in alveoli. |