Plumbing - Building Water Supply Part 5

1. Body. 2. Disc. 3. Disc lock-nut. 4. Stem. 5. Hand wheel. 6. Identification plate. 7. Bonnet. 8. Packing. 9. Packing nut.

1. Body. 2. 2 seats. 3. Ball. 4. Retainer. 5. Stem. 6. Stem packing. 7. Gland nut. 8. Handle nut.

1. Disc. 2. Lower stem. 3. Upper stem. 4. Stem retainer.

1. Ball and gate valves - primarily to isolate the various portions of the system and are sometimes installed as convenience valves for maintainable purposes. 2. Globe valves - used when a throttling operation is desired and for shutoff purposes. 3. Check valves - prevent reverse flow in hot water supply system. 4. Balancing valves - equalize circulation throughout a hot water supply system. 5. Butterfly valves - as balancing valves and are sometimes used to isolate sections of a piping system.

1. Mains. 2. Risers. 3. Major branches. 4. Minor branches. 5. Terminal points. 6. Circulating lines.

The heated water passes from the heater into water mains which are generally the largest diameter puppies in the system. The mains distribute the water primarily to risers and major branches. Risers and major branches connect to minor branches which reach the terminal points in the system.

By means of circulating lines.

Gravity circulation can be obtained when the water heating equipment is located below the level of hot water use. Return lines are provided to permit circulation of the water. When it will cool it will travel by gravity through the return lines back to heat source. Forced circulation requires the use of a circulating pump. The pump is operated by an automatic temperature control or heat sensing device such as an aqua stat, located at the end of the circulation loop. The control is set to start the pump whenever the water temperature cools to a pre-determined minimum and shutoff it when the water at the end of loop is up to max temperature.

The circulating lines leave the ends of the risers and the branches and tie back into a main circulating line (HWR). It is almost the same as the hot water distribution system in that each system has a main, risers and branches.

1. Conventional up feed system. 2. Conventional down feed system. 3. Conventional combination up feed and down feed system.

Circulation by gravity occurs in the se systems because the density (weight) of water, decreases with an increase an increase in temperature, and because arrangement are made in the piping system for the hottest water to rise and the coldest water to settle, thus causing circulation within the system.

1. Inverted up feed system. 2. Inverted down feed system. 3. Inverted combination down feed and up feed system.

Systems have their heat source at the top of, or above the distribution system. Since gravity circulation works by cooler water flow downward to a heat source, a circulation pump must be used to revers the flow.

Theoretically, a difference of about 1/2 psig would occur for 100' tall risers, because return is cooler (100*F) than supply (140*F) and for that reason heavier (61.998 lb per cu. foot) than supply (61.386 lb per cu. foot).

The system is located in a one or two-story buildings, the height of the hot water risers might must not be sufficient to produce gravity circulation. Generally speaking, if a point of use is located at a distance of 100' or more away from the heat source, a circulation system with a circulating pump should be installed.

When a system is filled with water bubbles of air are trapped against the side and top walls of piping. Dissolved air in water is often liberated when the water is heated and this air also accumulates at the high points in the system.

A closed piping system under pressure produces equal static pressure in all portions of the system. Pressure equalize in the system and compress the air slightly. The air will always remain at the highest point in the system to block circulation because the air will compress rather than move.

Low-head pumps (pumps that produce only low pressures).

1. By placing automatic air vents at high points in the system. 2. By placing a fixture outlet at the high points in a system.

A hollow ball that floats against a seat in the vent outlet to stop the passage of water. If air is present ball doesn't float, and thus the air escapes through the vent outlet.

High-efficiency combination boilers and indirect-fired water heaters are used. The hot water storage tank-within-a-tank design features a corrugated stainless steel inner tank; steel outer tank.

1. Enameled steel jacked. 2. Rigid polyurethane insulation. 3. Steel outer tank. 4. Circulating boiler water. 5. Boiled supply water inlet. 6. Boiled return water outlet. 7. Corrugated stainless steel inner tank. 8. Domestic could water inlet. 9. Domestic hot water outlet. 10. CPVC dip tube. 11. Thermostat remote sensing bulb. 12. Adjustable thermostat. 13. Electrical connection. 14. Built-in manual air vent.

The most common rating is the maximum number of gallons of hot water available in one hour: 115*F domestic water supply, 50*F inlet water and 200*F boiler water supply to the water heater.

1. Domestic: when the storage tank calls for heat, boiler water is switched from the heating system to the tank. 2. Non-domestic: the heating system and the storage tank share the energy available from the boiler and the storage tank operates as a separate zone.

1. Expansion loops. 2. Swing joints. 3. Mechanical expansion joints.

1. High efficiency boiler, priority valve, DWC heat exchanger, DWC circulator/adapter, water heater storage tank, 2. High efficiency boiler, DWC circulator/adapter, tankless heater. 3. Boiler, water heater with circulator, priority valve, 1st radiation load with circulator, .2nd load with circulator. 4. Boiler, circulator, water heater with zone valve, priority valve, 1st radiation load with zone valve, 2nd radiation load with zone valve.

1. Cold water supply. 2. Shutoff valve for water heater. 3. Pre charged expansion tank. 4. Water heater. 5. Thermostat control. 6. Combination temperature and pressure relief valve. 7. Domestic hot water supply. 8. Shutoff valve for boiler. 9. Double check valve with atmospheric vent with drain and air gap. 10. Pressure reducing valve. 11. Hot water heating boiler. 12. Pressure relief valve. 13. Domestic hot water circulator. 14. Check valve on the line to water heater. 15. Pre charged expansion tank on hot water heating system. 16. Check valve on heating system. 17. Hot water heating circulator. 14 domestic hot eaterci

1. Union inlet connection. 2. Stainless steel strainer screen. 3. Primary check valve. 4. Vent and drain connection. 5. Secondary check valve. 6. Union outlet connection. Brass body, stainless steel working parts.

1. Shutoff valve. 2. Double check valve with atmospheric vent and drain with air gap. 3. Pressure refusing valve. 4. Tee on the cold water fill line to compression tank. 5. Tank fitting. 6. Compression tank. 7. Boiler fitting. 8. Flow control valve. 9. Balances on return lines . 10. Booster pump. 12. ASME relief valve.

To relieve water or steam if the pressure exceeds 30 psig.

1. Pound of water converted to the steam increases in volume 1,700 times. 2. The emergency stage is coursed by an over-firing of the burner. The heating system can not dissipate the heat energy as fast as it is developed in the boiler, and temperatures and pressures continue to rise.

Stop over heating from gravity circulation in hot water heating systems usually by means of a positive-closing, precision-machined, brass-to-brass seat and disc.

Pipe size, relief pressure (operating), and Btuh rating are the same on the valve nameplate and boiler one.

In lieu of a compression tank.

1. Tank. 2. An air scoop. 3. A float type. air vent.

In-line air separator.

Factory set to open when the system pressure declines to less than 12 psig. They should be adjusted when necessary to provide a maximum of 4 psig at the highest point of the system. It does not protect the boiler from a lower water condition if the system pressure is above 12 psig.

1. It's not equipped with a fast fill features. 2. Equipped with a fast fill feature. 3. As a combination backflow preventer and boiler fill valve. 4. Dual unit - combination relief and pressure reducing valves without fast fill feature. 5. Dual unit with fast fill feature.

Cold water supply: 1. Shutoff valve. 2. Strainer. 3. Backflow preventer with air gap and drain. 4. Pressure reducing valve. Boiler: 1. Hot water supply line with cold water supply connection tee. 2. Return line with shutoff valve. 3. Relief valve. Hot water supply line: 1. Combination package of a pre charged expansion tank. 2. Shutoff valve. 3. Circulating (booster) pump 4. Triple duty valve.

The combined function of the two fittings is to separate free air (as it is released at the point of highest temperature and lowest velocity in the boiler) and put that air in the compression tank , where it can effectively act as a cushion against changing system pressures.

A tube inserted in a T-shaped fitting. The tube extends from the supply main down into the boiler water and prevents air which accumulates at the top of the boiler from rising into the supply piping and heating units.

1. Top outlet air control boiler fittings: A. Supply main size 1"-4". B. supply main size 6"8". 2. Side outlet air troll boiler fittings.

1. Size 1"-4" with a short nipple . 2. Size 6"-8" require a separate top opening in the boiler for connecting the line to the compression tank and the flanges (welding or screwed type) for adjustable dip tube.

As required by the diameter of the compression tank.

1. ATF. 2. ATFL with vent tube cut 2/3 the diameter of tank installed in separate manual air vent. 3. Valve types compression tank fittings.

Pich-up to tank at least 1" in 5' and min 1" diameter or 1 1/4" for more than 7' long up to 20' and 1 1/2" for longer pipe.

All free and entrained air collected by an air separator, or other air collection device, is routed through the tank fitting , and it allows air to pass freely into the compression tank. When the 1/8" plug is removed additional air is admitted into the tank when valve is open and drain water from tank.

1. Large size centrifugal type air separator. | 2. Air separator with built-in dip tube.

Water and entrained air enter the air separator where the velocity is reduced because of the large volume of the separator. Air separates out as velocity is refused rising to the top of the separator. The air now enter the pipe., leading to the compression tank.

1. On the top outlet boiler instead airtrol boiler fitting. 2. On the side outlet boiler instead side outlet boiler fitting. 3. On hot water steam converter supply line.

1. Steam in line. 2. Heat exchanger. 3. Condensate out line. 4. Cold water supply line to air separator: A. Shutoff valve. B. pressure reducing valve with double check valve (atmospheric vent). C. Tee to air separator and compression tank through tank fitting. 5. Supply line from air separator with pressure relief valve. 6. Return line to heat exchanger.

1. ASME expansion tank. 2. Tank fitting. 3. Tank drain. 4. Sight glass tappings.

1. Boiler with pressure relief valve. 2. Air separator with a booster pump on supply line. 3. Cold water supply line with compression tank line. 4. Compression tank with tank fitting . 5. Pressure reduction valve, double check valve with atmospheric vent, shutoff valve. 6. Return line to the boiler with drain valve.

Provide zone control in a multiple zone hydronic heating system.

Used to circulate boiler water through a heat exchanger to provide domestic hot water.

A single booster pump in hydronic heating system using zone control valves.

It will operate equally in the return piping as well if installed in the supply piping of the hydronic heating system.

The in-line circulating pump.

End-suction close-coupled pump.

Ends unction base mounted with flexible coupling.

According to rated capacities of delivery in gallons per minute(gpm) and head pressure in feet of water.

It is usually an electrically operated valve that will open fully on a call for heat from a thermostat located in an area or zone supplied by this valve. When the zone is satisfied, the thermostat will de-energize the valve, causing it to close.

Commercial are designed to function in a similar manner either by electric or pneumatic operation.

Two wire motor operated type. Four wire motorized type.

With a 24 volt two wire thermostat with a 0.6 ampere heat anticipatory.

A maximum of three zone control valves can be installed using 115/24 volt transformer rated at 40 VA (volt amps). It must be dedicated to the zone control valves and must not be used to power any other device.

Supply Tee.

Tee to 1st and 2nd circuit.

Tee from circuits to return line.

Tee on return line.

Every times the burner goes on and the water expands, the relief valve will discharge. Every time the burner goes off and the pressure in the system reduces, fresh water will be fed into the system. All of this can be avoided by correctly installing proper types of air-control equipment.

So that air in the system can be vented either into the expansion tank or from automatic or manual air vents.

It is advisable to drop the piping below the beam and install drain valve at lower point. If it is looped over the beam, it will be necessary to provide for venting of air from the high point of the pipe. On series loop systems, it is possible to eliminate all manual air vents in the system and use a single purge valve at the return to the boiler.

Air vent fittings and accessories available for the elimination of trapped air in hydronic heating and cooling systems. In large systems, vent tubing from the system high points can be assembled in a manifold at some convenient point in a mechanical room or other location.

1. Manually operated air vents. 2. Float type air vent. 3. Air purger with float vent.

To keep the tops of the pipes in line to permit free passage of air along the inside of the pipe.

The return ends of the supply mains can be dropped directly into a pump header connected tithe boiler.

Do not use bull head connections on the return piping of divided circuits to the boiler.

Square head cocks, combination balancing and purging valves or circuit setters should be used to regulate the flow of water in several circuits of return piping to a boiler.

On either the supply or return piping, usually at a location in close proximity of the boiler. Return piping is the most common location.

Installation section of straight pipe five times the diameter of the suction pipe size between the suction side of the pump and first elbow.

Install a square head , or combination purge and balance valve, and a check valve in the discharge pipe close to the pump. The check valve should be between the square head valve and the pump discharge nozzle.

Do not try to hold the pump up by putting a support under the motor, misalignment will occur.

The pump and motor must be lubricated immediately.

As pumps having 1/2 hp motors or less and operating below 12' of pressure head . A low head pump is less than the static height (operating pressure) of the system.

Circulating (booster and in-line centrifugal) pumps can be installed to pump either up or down or to the left or right. This can be accomplished by separating the bearing assembly from the pump body and rotating the body until the arrow points in direction of water flow.

A heat exchanger is a pressure vessel designed for operation at certain specific limits of pressure and temperature.

Improper venting and fouling. Be sure that both sides of the exchanger are clean, carefully vented and full of fluid.

Cold water line with shutoff valve and pressure relief valve to the farther bottom corner of hot water storage tank.

Worm water line to the heat exchanger with all bronze circulating (booster) pump controlled by tank temperature control.

Steam in line with steam control valve controlled by devise on heat exchanger outlet.

Condensate line to steam trap from exchanger.

Air vent or vacuum breaker on heat exchanger.

Top hot water line to hot water storage tank.

Domestic hot water line from the top of storage tank.

Line from boiler to heat exchanger with flow-control valve.

From heat exchanger to boiler with circulating (booster) pump.

Cold water line to heat exchanger with shutoff valve and pressure relief valve.

Domestic hot water line to tempering valve with circulating pump control.

1. For domestic and commercial service hot water. 2. For industrial process water. 3. For pool heating. 4. For hot water radiation heating. 5. For snow melting. 6. For hot water space heating. 7. For hot water radiant heating.

1. Space heating: A. Hot water supply to heating system with shutoff valves. B. return water from heating system with circulator and shutoff valve. C. Boiler expansion tank with a shutoff valve. 2. Tankless indirect heating coil for domestic hot water: A. Cold water supply through shutoff valve and check valve to a) recirculation line, b) tempering valve. B. Recirculating line with shutoff valve, strainer and circulator pump to the cold water Tee, drain valve, coil relief valve to the boiler. C. Tempered water to fixtures with thermometer and shutoff valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for swimming pool heating: A. Heated water to pool line with Tee to by-pass valve. B. return water from pool filter to by-pass Tee with temperature control and pool temperature control valve to boiler.

1. Space heating line: A. Hot water supply line to heating system with shutoff valve. B. return water from heating system with shot off valve to boiler. C. Boiler RV. D. Expansion tank. 2. Indirect heating coil for domestic hot water storage tank application: A. Hot water line to storage tank with coil relief valve, expansion tank, shutoff valve. B. circulation line from storage tank to boiler coil with circulator, shutoff valve and drain valve. C. Storage tank with relief valve. D. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve. E. tempered water line from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. F. Recirculation tempered water line to storage tank with check valve, shutoff valve and circulator to cold water supply Tee, and after to storage tank with shutoff valve. G. Cold water supply lines to a) tempering valve with check valve and shutoff valve, b) recirculation tempered water line with shutoff valve and check valve.

1. Steam line for steam tables: A. Supply line with shutoff valve. B. condensate return with shutoff valve. C. RV. 2. Indirect heating coil for domestic hot water storage tank application: A. Hot water supply to storage tank with expansion tank and RV, shutoff valve. B. circulation line with circulator, shutoff valve and drain valve. C. Storage tank with relief valve. D. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve from storage tank. E. tempering water line from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. F. Tempered recirculation line to storage tank with check valve, shutoff valve, circulator, cold water supply Tee shutoff valve. G. Cold water supply lines to a) tempering valves with check valve and shutoff valve, b) recirculation line with shutoff valve and check valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for snow melting: A. Hot water supply with expansion tank that has shutoff valve and anti-freeze fill with shutoff valve, RV, shutoff valve. B. return water line with cold water supply Tee, circulator,!shutoff valve, drain valve. C. Cold water supply to return water Tee with check valve, shutoff valve, pressure reducing valve.

1. Steam line for process or space heating: A. Steam supply line with shutoff line. B. condensate return line with shutoff valve. C. Boiler relief valve. 2. Tankless indirect heating coil for domestic hot water: A. Hot water line to tempering valve with shutoff valve . B. Tempered water to fixtures from tempering valve with thermometer and shutoff valve. C. Recirculation line to cold water supply Tee with shutoff valve, check valve and circulator. D. Cold water supply line to tempering valve Tee with shutoff valve and check valve. After that Tee to circulation line Tee and to heating coil through check valve, drain valve, coil relief valve. 3. Indirect heating coil for hot water space heating: A. Hot water supply to heating system with boiler expansion tank, thermometer, shutoff valve. B. return water from heating system with cold water supply Tee, circulator, shutoff valve, drain valve. C. Cold water supply to return water from heating system Tee with check valve, shutoff valve, pressure reducing valve.

1. Space heating line: A. Hot water line to space heating from Tee connecting two boilers. From boiler hot water outlet to that Tee through shutoff valve. B. return from space heating to boiler manifold Tee and to separate boilers through insulating valve. C. Expansion tank, pressure gage, pop safety from boiler. D. Cold water supply with pressure reducing valve and check valve to boiler. 2. Hot service water: A. From heat exchanger to tempering valve with shutoff valve. B. from tempering valve to hot service water manifold with thermometer and insulation valve. C. Cold water service to circulation return Tee with shutoff valve and check valve. D. Circulation return to cold water service Tee with circulator pump that keep continuous operation. E. line from Tee cold water service and circulation return to heat exchanger manifold. F. From heat exchanger manifold Tee to Tee serving separate boilers and from that Tee to tempering valve through shutoff valve and other branch to heat exchanger through insulation valve, drain valve , pressure relief valve.

1. Water heater connections. A. Water heater fill/make-up line with boiler fill valve and shutoff valve. B. boiler drain valve. C. Expansion tank with insulation valve and expansion tank drain. D. Boiler relief valve. E. supply space heating connection. F. Return space heating connection. 2. Heat exchanger lines: A. To storage tank with exchanger relief valve and tank insulation valve. B. circulation line with tank drain valve, tank insulation valve, steamer, exchanger circulator, tank temperature control, exchanger drain valve. 3. Storage tank lines: A. Cold water supply with check valve, insulation valve and diffuser pipe. B. hot temperature system circulation return line with circulator, check valve and insulation valve. C. High temperature water to fixtures at tank temperature control setting with insulation valve to tempering valve tee. D. Combination temperature and pressure gauge. E. tank temperature control. F. Tank limit control. G. Tank relief valve. 4. Tempering valve lines: A. High temperature water line with insulation valve. B. cold water supply line with check valve, insulation valve, 27" riser pipe to Holby valve Tee. C. Low temperature system circulation return to Tee with circulation pump, check valve, insulation valve. D. Line from Holby valve to circulator and cold water Tee with union. E. Low temperature line at tempering valve setting with insulation valve and thermometer.

A piston type lift pipe commonly known as a pitcher pump.

When handle pressed down piston going up and atmospheric pressure in water well open bottom check valve to let water in. When handle lifted up piston going down closing bottom check valve and pushing water up through upper check valve.

It can be described as pumps that have a backward and forward or an upward and downward motion.

1. Pitcher pump. 2. Air compressors. 3. Boiler feed pump. 4. Deep well piston pumps (for water or oil). 5. Hydraulic power pumps. 6. Vacuum pumps. 7. Diaphragm type ditch pumps. 8. Hydrostatic test pumps.

The valves and piping are arranged to allow a positive discharge on the return stroke as well as the primary stroke.

The piston is shorter than the stroke and seal is on the piston. The plunger is longer than stroke and the seal is on the cylinder.

It employs a substance such as rubber or neoprene in place of piston or plunger to remove water from trenches, flooded foundations, drains and other places where there is a high proportion of mud, silt or sand to water.

1. Suction accumulator. 2. Suction. 3. Suction Check valve. 4. Diaphragm pot. 5. Diaphragm. 6. Plunger spring. 7. Eccentric. 8. Gear box. 9. Oil cup. 10. ! Discharge check valve. 11. Discharge.

The rotary gear pump.

1. Pump fuel oil in oil burners. 2. Pumping of the high pressure hydraulic fluid which provides the power to operate hydraulic pistons on backhoes, loaders and other hydraulic equipment. 3. For pumping viscous fluids.

The lobe and slinging vane type rotary pumps.

Non-positive displacement pumps. This would include centrifugal pumps, propeller pumps, and special pumps such as jet pumps and hydraulic rams, etc.

They generally cost less and perform economically and reliably throughout various pressures and flow rates. They can produce up to several thousand feet of head, they can handle liquids up to 1000*F, and they can pump abrasives and solids.

They have few moving parts and if properly installed and serviced, will last a long time with little maintenance, can be easily modified. They can tolerate considerable corrosion and erosion before their performance is substantially affected.

Air dissolved in water consist of about 30% oxygen. It degrades metals through an electro-chemical process of internal oxidation.

Hydronic hot water heating.

Chilled water.

Domestic hot water.

Condenser water.

The force generated by rotation which acts directly outward from the center of rotation.

The rotating impeller is surrounded within the casing by stationary guide vanes. The diffusion vanes provide gradually expanding passages in which the direction of flow is sharply changed.