Sensation and Perception: Chapter 7
These flashcards focus on how humans and animals perceive motion and spatial orientation, including neural mechanisms like MST area activity, the concept of optical flow, perception-action relationships in sports, and cognitive processes involved in tracking target locations and direction of movement.
PPR activity in humans occurs
when the observer holds a target location in mind.
Key Terms
PPR activity in humans occurs
when the observer holds a target location in mind.
“Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s
medial superior temporal (MST) area
Softball players were asked to estimate the size of a softball immediately after a game. When perceived ball size was examined in relation to batting average, it was revealed that
rested players with lower batting averages provided larger ball-size estimates than tired players with low batting averages
Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?
It always occurs at the point you are moving toward
Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that
performance decreased when landmarks were removed that had been viewed longer
Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach “paths” reveals that the parietal region
provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
PPR activity in humans occurs | when the observer holds a target location in mind. |
“Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s | medial superior temporal (MST) area |
Softball players were asked to estimate the size of a softball immediately after a game. When perceived ball size was examined in relation to batting average, it was revealed that | rested players with lower batting averages provided larger ball-size estimates than tired players with low batting averages |
Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion? | It always occurs at the point you are moving toward |
Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that | performance decreased when landmarks were removed that had been viewed longer |
Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach “paths” reveals that the parietal region | provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles |
The ecological approach emerged as a reaction | to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision |
MST neurons that respond to flow | can be selective to outward-expanding or circular motions |
According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by | using information in addition to optic flow |
The results of Bhalla and Proffitt’s (1999) physical-fitness-and-hill-steepness study demonstrated that | less physically fit individuals perceived the hill as being more steep |
According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is | movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement |
In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object | neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated |
After damage to his _______ Mantio is able to recognize landmarks in his hometown, but is unable to determine which direction he should go from those landmarks to arrive at his house. | retrosplenial cortex |
Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by | keeping their body pointed toward the destination. |
Joe enters a room, sees a novel object, and promptly walks over and sits on it. The object was about the size of a small table and had a flat, smooth surface at approximately knee height. If asked to explain Joe’s behavior, Gibson would likely say that Joe | was acting based on affordances. |
Lee et al.’s “Swinging Room” studies found that | children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created |
The neurons that signal the monkey’s intention to grab an object are mostly found in the | parietal reach region (PRR) |
Affordances | provide the observer possibilities for action |
After damage to her _______ Cathy has no trouble finding her way to location on major roads in town, but she becomes lost on side roads, even those she had driven many times. | hippocampus |
You are driving a car. Which of the following statements is an accurate reflection of flow in this situation? | Optic flow does not occur for the focus of expansion |
Britten and vanWezel used __________ to show that MST neurons help determine perception of the direction of movement. | electrical stimulation of neurons |
Using the “Swinging Room” technique, the earliest evidence of optic flow was demonstrated in participants who were | 4 months old |
Which of the following situations would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire? | When the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking |
Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called | invariant information |
“Blind walking” studies have shown that | blindfolded participants can navigate short distances when walking in a straight line or making an angled turn |
Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence action-based object perception? | Describing the object to someone before interacting with it |
In Janzen and vanTurennout’s study of using landmarks as “decision points” in a navigating through a museum, participants | had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for “decision points” than “non-decision points.” |
Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by | keeping their body pointed toward the destination |
In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object | neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated |
If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot, | you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open |