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Step 1:: Understand the problem and identify the key concepts.
Inducing the overexpression of the $\gamma$-globin gene in adults can increase the levels of HbF, alleviating sickle cell symptoms.
The problem asks us to identify which statements are true about sickle cell anemia. This is a genetic blood disorder where the red blood cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. Let's analyze each statement: A. A mutation of residue 6 of hemoglobin from glutamate to aspartic acid would likely not cause sickle cell symptoms. B. A mutation of residue 6 of hemoglobin from glutamate to isoleucine would likely cause sickle cell symptoms. Isoleucine is a different amino acid, but it is also hydrophobic like valine, which could lead to similar effects on the structure and function of hemoglobin. C. - This statement is true. D. Individuals are born with this genetic disease, and symptoms can usually be diagnosed in newborns. - This statement is true. Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder, and symptoms can be present at birth or develop during early childhood. Newborn screening tests can detect the presence of the abnormal hemoglobin, allowing for early diagnosis and intervention.
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