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Step 1:
Proteins: Proteins are complex molecules that perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. One example of a protein is hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain. This chain then folds into a specific three-dimensional shape, determined by the interactions between the side chains of the amino acids. \text{Protein structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{R-NH-CO-CHR'}}{Polypeptide chain}
Step 2:
Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids are molecules that carry genetic information in cells. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is typically single-stranded. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. The nitrogenous bases in both DNA and RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). \text{DNA structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{HO-P-O-[6]-C^1 =(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{O}{\scriptsize H})-C-[7]O-P-O-[6]-C^1 =(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{N}{\scriptsize H}-[6]NH2)C=(-\chemabove{O}{\scriptsize H})-C-[7]O-P-O-}}{DNA backbone}
Step 3:
Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. One example of a lipid is a triglyceride, which is composed of three fatty acid molecules linked to a glycerol molecule by ester bonds. Triglycerides are the main form of fat stored in the body and are a major source of energy. \text{Triglyceride structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R'}}{Triglyceride}
Step 4:
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose. One example of a carbohydrate is glucose, which is a simple sugar that serves as a major source of energy for cells. Glucose can be linked together to form more complex carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. \text{Glucose structure:} \quad \chemname{\chemfig{H-(C=O)-O-C-[7]H-(C=O)-O-C-[7]H-(C=O)-O-}}{Glucose}
Final Answer
* Protein: Hemoglobin * Nucleic Acid: DNA * Lipid: Triglyceride * Carbohydrate: Glucose
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