Solution Manual For Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3rd Edition

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Solutions Manual to accompanyGuinn’sEssentials of General, Organic, andBiochemistryThird EditionRachel C. Lum

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2Chapter 1Chapter 1Matter, Energy, and Measurement37Bone strength is assessed with a bone mineral density (BMD) measurement.38A strong bone has more bone mineral per volume than a weak one.39A DEXA (dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry) scan is used to estimate BMD.40A T-score is assigned by how much a patient’s BMD deviates from the average BMD of healthypeople of the same gender and ethnicity.41The patient has osteopenia.42Her bone is normal.43The three physical states of matter are solid (s), liquid (l), and gas (g).44The particles interact with other particles in the liquid and solid states.45The particles are farther apart in the liquid and gas states.46Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.47Work is involved in moving an object.48A ball sitting at the top of a hill has stored energy, so it has potential energy.49A ball rolling downhill has kinetic energy.50a.kinetic energy (The water is moving.)b.potential energy (The skier is at the top of a hill.)c.kinetic energy (The dancer is moving.)d.potential energy (The atoms in the sandwich havestored energy in their bonds.)51a.kinetic energy (The biker is moving.)b.potential energy (The hiker is at the top of a mountain.)c.kinetic energy (The helium atoms are moving within the balloon.)d.potential energy (Energy is stored in the bonds of the molecules that make up candle wax.)52a.Molecules have the least amount of kinetic energy in the solid state.53c.Molecules have the greatest amount of kinetic energy in the gas state.54Steam. The water molecules are in the gas state.55a.A hospital is on the macroscopic scale. (You can see it.)b.A skin cell is on the microscopicscale. (You need a microscope to see it.)c.DNA is on the atomic scale. (DNA is too small to beseen.)d.A red blood cell is on the microscopic scale. (You need a microscope to see it.)56a.A lead atom is on the atomic scale. (It is too small to be seen.)b.The human body is on themacroscopic scale. (You can see it.)c.A grain of sand is on the macroscopic scale. (You cansee it.)d.A virus is on the atomic scale. (It is too small to be seen.)57The SI system is an international system of units and was created by an international group ofscientists to establish a uniform set of units, selecting one standard metric unit for each quantity ofmeasurement.58the gram

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Matter, Energy, and Measurement359mass and weight60length and distance61the liter62the second63pico(1012in a base unit);nano(109in a base unit);micro(106in a base unit); andkilo(10–3in abase unit)64milli(103in a base unit);centi(102in a base unit);deci(10 in a base unit); andgiga(10−9in abase unit)65a.mm is a metric unit of length.b.in. is an English unit of length.c.oz is an English unit of volume.d.g is a metric unit of mass.66a.kg is a metric unit of mass.b.lb is an English unit of mass.c.mL is a metric unit of volume.d.ft is an English unit of length.671 cm = 10–2m681 ps = 10−12s69701 kW = 103W71726.3 × 10−3mmis smaller. The millimeter is a measure of length.73a graduated cylinder, a pipette, and a syringe74A meniscus is a curved surface of a liquid that forms when it is in a graduated cylinder.75c.at the bottom of the meniscus76Vlead= 16.5 mL – 15.0 mL = 1.5 mL77Vmetal= 203.5 mL – 200. mL = 3.5 mL78Volume = 24 cm × 24 cm ×24 cm = 14,000 cm3= 14,000 mL79Volume = 5.21 cm × 5.21 cm × 5.21 cm = 141 cm380a.57,000 m measured value because it is a length; two significant figuresb.4.60 mL measured value because it a volume; three significant figuresc.0.00011 g measured value because it is a mass; two significant figuresd.23,304.60 s measured value because it is time; seven significant figurese.exact number because 256 nurses is a number obtained by counting the number of nurses81a.304 mm measured value because it is a length; three significant figures; a zero betweennonzero digits is significant.b.exact number because 429 bees is a number obtained bycounting the number of beesc.5,110 minutes measured value because it is time; threesignificant figuresd.0.000330 kg measured value because it is a weight; three significantfigures; the zeros between the decimal and the first digit, 3, are not significant, they areplaceholders. The zero after the last digit, 3, is significant and the uncertain digit.e.5,000. g measured value because it is a weight; four significant figures82a.2.31μgb.9,3100 mmc.1.56 Ld.5680 s83a.1.8 nmb.4.3 mLc.28 pgd.360 m84c.0.6385b.79.881m=B106B4 5. ×102μgis larger. The microgram is a measure of mass.

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486a.3.2 × 8.54 = 27b.3.2 + 8.54 = 11.787a.2.26 + 8.1 = 10.4b.2.26 × 8.1 = 1888a.56.33 cm × 2.50 cm = 140 cm2b.3.4 cm + 2.2 cm + 5.11 cm + 8.777 cm = 19.5 cmc.= 0.852 g/mLଷଷ.ଶଶ ୥ଷଽ.଴ ୫LChapter 189a.33,000. + 910. = 33,910.b.0.333 × 0.22 = 0.073c.(37.55 mL + 22.2 mL) × 5.666 = 339 mL90a.50,000 ݉×ଵ ୩୫ଵ଴଴଴ ୫b.=6.6 ×105μgଵଵ μ୥=50 km0.66 g×଴షల୥91a..6.0 L×ଵ ୫Lଵ଴షయL= 6.0 × 10ଷଵ୩୫mLb.2.0×10଺m×ଵ଴଴଴୫= 2.0×10ଷkm92c.1,000 mm is equivalent to 1 m.93b.0.001 kg is equivalent to 1 g.941 m = 10−3km952.5 cm×ଵ଴షమ୫ଵୡ୫=0.025 m96200 mg×ଵ଴షయ୥ଵ୫୥= 0.2g97500.mg×ଵ଴షయ୥ଵ ୫୥=0.500 g0.500 g×ଵμ୥ଵ଴షల୥=5.00×10ହμg981 mm = 10−3m and 1 pm = 10−15m9975.6 μL×ଵ଴షలLଵμL×ଵ୫Lଵ଴షయL=0.0756 mL100150 kg×ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠଵ୩୥=330 lb10168.2 miles×ହଶ଼଴ ୤୲ଵ୫୧୪ୣ×ଵଶ ୧୬ଵ୤୲×ଵ୫ଷଽ.ଷ଻୧୬×ଵ୩୫ଵ଴య୫=110.km10286 gallons×ସ ୯୲ଵ୥ୟ୪୪୭୬×ଵ Lଵ.଴ହ଻ ୯୲=330 L103b.26.7 mm×ଵ଴షయ୫ଵ୫୫×ଷଽ.ଷ଻ ୧୬.ଵ ୫=1.05 in.104d.14.3 cmଷ×ଵ଴షయLଵୡ୫య=0.0143 L105a.b.1 cm×ଵ଴షమ୫ଵ1 km×ଵ଴య୫ଵ ୩୫×ଵ୫୫ଵ଴షయ୫= 1×10଺mmୡ୫×ଵ ୫୫ଵ଴షయ୫=10 mmc.1 dm×ଵ଴షభ୫ଵ ୢ ୫×ଵ୫୫ଵ଴షయ୫=100 mmd.1 nm×ଵ଴షవ୫ଵ ୬୫×ଵ ୫୫ଵ଴షయ୫= 1×10ି଺mm

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Matter, Energy, and Measurement5106a.1 g×ଵ୩୥ଵ଴య୥= 1×10ିଷkgb.1 ng×ଵ଴షవ୥ଵ ୬୥×ଵ ୩୥ଵ଴య୥= 1×10ିଵଶkgc.100 mcg×ଵ଴షల୥ଵ୫ୡ୥×ଵ୩୥ଵ଴య୥= 1×10ି଻kgd.10 μg ×ଵ଴షల୥ଵ μ୥×ଵ ୩୥ଵ଴య୥= 1 × 10ି଼kg107a.5 mL×ଵ଴షయLଵ୫L×ଵ μLଵ଴షలL= 5×10ଷμLb.0.5 L×ଵ μLଵ଴షలL= 5×10ହμLc.250 cmଷ×ଵ଴షయLଵ ୡ୫య×ଵ μLଵ଴షలL= 2.5 × 10ହμLd.80 dL×ଵ଴షభLଵ ୢ L×ଵμLଵ଴షలL= 8×10଺μL108c.150μg is equivalent to 1.5 ×10−7kg.109density=ଽ.ଶଶ ୥଼.଻ ୫L=1.1 g/mL110density=ଷ.଼ ୥ଶ.଴ ୡ୫య×ଵୡ୫యଵ ୫L=1.9 g/mL111Water has a density of 1.0 g/mL.112A liquid with a density greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink in water.113volume = 2.3 mL2.3 mL×ଵଽ.ଷଶ ୥ଵ୫L=44 g114volume = (length of side)3volume = (2.20 cm)3volume = 10.6 cm310.6 cmଷ×ଵଽ.ଷଶ ୥ଵୡ୫య=205 g115specific gravity=ଵ.଴ଶହ୥/୫Lଵ.଴ ୥/୫L=1.025Yes, the specific gravity is within the normal range.116specific gravity=ଵ.଴ଷ଻୥/୫Lଵ.଴୥/୫L=1.037No, the specific gravity is not within the normal range.117density of urine = 1.014 × 1.0 g⁄mL = 1.014 g/mLThe specific gravity of the urine sample is within the normal range.118density of urine = 0.997 × 1.0 g⁄mL = 0.997 g/mLThe specific gravity of the urine sample is not within the normal range.119The abbreviationq.d.indicates that Accupril should be administered once a day. 10 mg should begiven at every administration.120The abbreviationb.i.d.indicates that Retrovir should be administered twice a day. 300 mg shouldbe given at every administration.12134 lb×ଵ୩୥ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠ×ଶହ ୫୥୩୥∙ୢୟ୷=390୫୥ୢୟ୷12227 kg×ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠଵ୩୥୪ୠ∙ୢୟ୷ୢୟ୷×ଵ୫୥= 60୫୥

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612312 lb×ଵ୩୥Chapter 1ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠ×ଶ଴ ୫୥୩୥∙ୢୟ୷×ଵ ୢ ୟ୷ଷ ୢ ୭ୱୣ=36 mg/dose124Tamiflu should be administered twice a day.16 lb×ଵ୩୥ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠ×ଷ୫୥୩୥∙ୢୟ୷×ଵ ୢ ୟ୷ଶ ୢ ୭ୱୣ=11 mg/dose125The freezing point of water is0 C°and32°F.126Normal body temperature is 37 °C and 98.6 °F.127b.in the refrigerator(1.8×2℃)+32=36 ℉(1.8×8℃)+32=46 ℉128c.in a medicine cabinet(1.8×15 ℃)+32=59 ℉(1.8 × 30 ℃) + 32 = 90 ℉12918 ℃+273.15=291 K(1.8 × 18 ℃) + 32 = 64 ℉31 ℃ + 273.15 = 304 K(1.8 × 31 ℃) + 32 = 88 ℉You are wearing summer clothes.(ଵ଴ହ.ଶ ℉ ି ଷଶ)(଼଻.ସ ℉ ି ଷଶ)ଵ.଼You are wearing summer clothes.130131=40.7 ℃132ଵ.଼=30.8 ℃133(1.8×33 ℃)+32=91 ℉The patient has hypothermia.1342.7 K − 273.15 = −270.4 ℃(1.8 × (−270.4 ℃)) + 32 = −454.7 ℉135−78 ℃ + 273.15 = 195K(1.8 × (−78 ℃)) + 32 = −110 ℉13677 K − 273.15 = −196 ℃(1.8 × (−196 ℃)) + 32 = −321 ℉137Carbohydrates and fats provide us most of our energy.138Glucose is the most important source of energy for the body.139The body will convert muscle into glucose to produce energy.140Glucose is a high in potential energy.141Carbon dioxide is low in potential energy.1422 cm volume = length × width × height = 8 cm3= 2√8య143Convert all measurements to a common unit.5,000 μL×ଵ଴షలLଵμL×ଵ ୫Lଵ଴షయL= 5mL0.5000 L×ଵ୫Lଵ଴షయL=500.0 mL8.000 cmଷ= 8.000 mLLargest to smallest: 0.5000 L, 50.00 mL, 8.000 cm3, 5,000μL144a.10 mb.the same lengthc.the same lengthd.1 nm145a.1 ngb.100 mgc.the same massd.50 mcg

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Matter, Energy, and Measurement71462.5 in.×ଶ.ହସ ୡ୫ଵ୧୬.= 6.4cmvolume = length × width × height = 6.4 cm× 6.4 cm× 6.4 cm= 262 cm3mass =density×volume=7.87୥ୡ୫య×262 cmଷ= 2.06×10ଷg2.06×10ଷg×ଵ ୫୥ଵ଴షయ୥= 2.06×10଺mg147a.twice dailyb.two times a dayc.62 lb×ଵ ୩୥ଶ.ଶ଴ହ ୪ୠ×ଶହ ୫୥୩୥∙ୢୟ୷×ଵ ୢ ୟ୷ଶ ୢ ୭ୱୣ=350 mg/dosed.(1.8×20 ℃)+32=68 ℉It should be stored in the refrigerator.e.The particles in the tablet are close together since they are in the solid state.1483.2 mm×ଵ଴షయ୫ଵ ୫୫×ଵ ୡ୫ଵ଴షమ୫=0.32 cmvolume = length × width × height = 0.32 cm × 0.32 cm × 0.32 cm = 0.033 cm3= 0.033 mL149volume = length × width × height = 147cm3య√1475.27 cm ×ଵ ୧୬.ଶ.ହସ ୡ୫= 2.07 in.= 5.27cm

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8Chapter 2Chapter 2Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes41Iodine is concentrated in the thyroid gland.42The common sources of iodine in foods are dried seaweed, yogurt, turkey breast, tuna, eggs,potatoes, strawberries, and cranberries.43The symptoms of an iodine deficiency in an adult are an enlarged thyroid or goiter. Severe iodinedeficiency is linked to high infant mortality and physical and learning disabilities.44Iron requires a daily intake of 8–18 mg.45Hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen.46Iron is found in red meat, pork, poultry, beans, seafood, dark green leafy vegetables, dried fruit,and cereal.47A person is anemic when they have a diminished number of red blood cells produced.48Fluoride builds strong bones and tooth enamel. Fluoride is found in fluoridated water.49Zinc is necessary for wound healing and fighting infection. Zinc is found in oysters, breakfastcereal, beef, pork, chicken, yogurt, baked beans, and nuts.50The smallest stable component of matter is anatom.51Protons, neutrons, and electrons are three subatomic particles found in an atom. The protons andneutrons are found in the nucleus, whereas the electrons are found in electron orbitals.52A proton has a +1 charge; a neutron has no charge; and an electron has a−1 charge.53the proton and the neutron54the proton and the neutron55theelectron56The heavier particles (the protons and the neutrons) are concentrated in the small volume of thenucleus. Therefore, the nucleus is extremely dense.57The mass of a proton is 1.007 amu and1 6.×72610−24g.58The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.59a.Sb, antimonyb.As, arsenicc.Al, aluminumd.Ra, radium60a.Mg, magnesiumb.Si, siliconc.Ba, bariumd.Se, selenium61a.carbon, Cb.thallium, Tlc.uranium, Ud.platinum, Pte.cobalt, Co62a.Beryllium, Beb.Manganese, Mnc.Palladium, Pdd.Thorium, The.Seaborgium, Sg63Lead is located between thallium and bismuth. Lead has 82 protons; thallium has 81 protons;bismuth has 83 protons.64Titanium is located between scandium and vanadium.65a.boron, B,atomic number 5, 5 protons and 5 electronsb.cesium, Cs,atomic number 55, 55protons and 55 electronsc.gallium, Ga,atomic number 31, 31 protons and 31 electronsd.strontium, Sr,atomic number 38, 38 protons and 38 electrons66a.rubidium, Rb,atomic number 37, 37 protons and 37 electronsb.argon, Ar,atomic number18, 18 protons and 18 electronsc.helium, He,atomic number 2, 2 protons and 2 electronsd.cadmium, Cd,atomic number 48, 48 protons and 48 electrons

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Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes967a.oxygen, atomic number 8.b.sodium, atomic number 11c.copper, atomic number 29d.tin, atomic number 50eruthenium, atomic number 44f.tungsten, atomic number 74g.europium, atomic number 63.68a.fluorine, atomic number 9b.radium, atomic number 88c.osmium, atomic number 76d.silver, atomic number 47e.mercury, atomic number 80f.americium, atomic number 95g.molybdenum atomic number 4269a.Oxygen has 8 protons and 8 electrons.b.Chromium has 24 protons and 24 electrons.c.Phosphorus has 15 protons and 15 electrons.70a.Vanadium has 23 protons and 23 electrons.b.Sulfur has 16 protons and 16 electrons.c.Magnesium has 12 protons and 12 electrons.71The mass number of an isotope represents the sum of theprotonsandneutrons.72Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons they contain. Isotopes of an element havethe same number of protons and electrons.7374Tc-99 has 43 protons, 43 electrons, and 56 neutrons.ସଷଽଽTc75IsotopeAtomic NumberNumber of ProtonsNumber of NeutronsMass NumberSulfur-3216161632Sulfur-3316161733Sulfur-3416161834Sulfur-361616203676All the sulfur isotopes have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons.77Sulfur-32 has the smallest mass.78The natural abundance and the mass of each isotope are used to calculate a weighted average,which is the atomic mass.79a.The atomic number for both isotopes is 35.b.The mass numbers are 79 and 81.c.One of the isotopes has two more neutrons than the other one.d.The average atomic mass is79.90. Yes, it does.e.There are roughly equal amounts of both isotopes present in bromine.80a.iron-54b.iron-58c.iron-56d.iron-54e.Iron-56 is present in the greatest amount,but there are three other isotopes of iron that contribute to the mass of iron.81A family or group of elements has elements in the same column in the periodic table.82Group 1A (alkali metals), group 2A (alkaline earth metals), group 3A, group 4A, group 5A, group6A, group 7A (halogens), and group 8A (noble gases) are the groups of the main group elements.The transition metal elements are located between group 2A and group 3A. The inner transitionmetal elements are located between group 3B and 4B.83Elements within a group exhibit similar physical and chemical properties.84a period16171888OO,,8O

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1085a.group 2A, alkaline earth metalb.group 8A, noble gasesc.group 7A, halogensd.group 1A, alkali metalse.group 7A, halogens86a.group 1A, alkali metalsb.group 4Ac.group 8Bd.group 3Ae.group 8A, noble gases87Nonmetals are dull; can exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature; are poor conductorsof electricity; and can be brittle, hard, or soft. Metals are shiny, exist as solids at room temperature(except for mercury), are good conductors of electricity, and are malleable.88a.nonmetalb.metalloidc.nonmetald.metal89a.metalb.nonmetalc.metalloidd.metale.nonmetal90a.potassiumb.radon91a.palladiumb.uranium92The macronutrients are Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, and Cl.93The micronutrients are V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Si, Se, F, and I.94the electron95less energy96more energy97The group number equals the number of valence electrons for the elements in that group.98ElementNameAtomicSymbolAtomicNumberGroupNumberPeriodNumberNumber of Electronsn= 1n=2n=3a.boronB53A2230b.phosphorusP155A3285c.sodiumNa111A3281d.sulfurS166A3286Chapter 299ElementNameAtomicSymbolAtomicNumberGroupNumberPeriodNumberNumber of Electronsn= 1n=2n=3a.oxygenO86A2260b.berylliumBe42A2220c.argonAr188A3288d.fluorineF97A2270100halogens, group 7A101group 4A102noble gases, group 8A103Boron has three valence electrons in then=2level; aluminum has three valence electrons in then=3level.104eight electrons

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Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes11105two electrons106a.n= 4,two valence electronsb.n= 3, one valence electronc.n= 5, eight valence electronsd.n= 2, six valence electronse.n= 1, one valence electron107Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of an element. They have an imbalance in the ratio of neutronsto protons in the nucleus.108Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable radioisotope produces a more stable nucleus byreleasing radiation.109αandβparticles. The nuclear symbols arerespectively.ଶସαand ିଵ ଴β,110a.213209483Bi→81Tl2α+b.The daughter nuclide is thallium-209.111a.211207485At→83Bi2α+b.The daughter nuclide is bismuth-207.112a.153153062Sm→63Eu−1β+b.The daughter nuclide is europium-153.113a.3232015PS→+16−1βb.The daughter nuclide is sulfur-32.114a.2626011Na→12Mg−1β+b.232228481Tl→79Au2α+115a.225221489Ac→87Fr2α+b.107107046Pd→47Ag−1β+11616 g (initial amount), 8 g (one half-life), 4 g (two half-lives); 4 g remains after 156 hours or twohalf-lives.11718.0 g (initial amount), 9.0 g (one half-life), 4.5 g (two half-lives), 2.25 g (three half-lives), 1.125g(four half-lives);1.125 g remains after 32 days or four half-lives.11828 g (initial amount), 14 g (one half-life), 7 g (two half-lives), 3.5 g (three half-lives), 1.75 g (fourhalf-lives)44 days4 halflives×176 days1 halflife=It takes 4 half-lives or 176 days for 28 g of iron-59 to decay to 1.75 g.119It has a very short half-life and won’t remain in the body for a long time.1201 half-life24 days×=3 half-lives8 days25.0 mg (initial amount), 12.5 mg (one half-life), 6.25 mg (two half-lives), 3.125 mg (three half-lives)3.125 mg will remain after 24 days.12166 hours122Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that travels through space, as a wave, at the speed oflight.123light124gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves125a.radio wavesb.x-rayc.visible126a.visibleb.ultraviolet lightc.γ-rays127αparticles, neutrons, andβparticles128When a daughter nuclide is an “exited state,” it has excess energy in the nucleus. The lettermafterthe mass number is used to denote the metastable state.

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12Chapter 2129Irradiating fruits and vegetables destroys disease-causing microorganisms and reduces spoilagecaused by bacteria. When food is irradiated, only the energy from electromagnetic radiationemitted, not the radioisotope itself, comes in contact with the food.130Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to dislodge a valence electron from an atom.131Ionizing radiation can kill cells. It can also cause gene mutations in the cells.132The mutations that ionizing radiation causes are passed when a cell reproduces, which can be thebeginning of cancer.133Ionizing radiation affects rapidly dividing cells such as lymphocytes (white blood cells), blood-producing cells, and cancer cells.134the energy and penetrating power of the radiation135X-rays have more penetrating power than radio waves. Therefore, when you go to the dentist youneed to wear a lead apron.136Anαparticle is high in energy and very destructive to human tissue. If you swallow anαemitter,the high energy is close to the tissue. Anαparticle is also heavy and slow moving, so it has littlepenetrating power. It can be stopped by a piece of paper.137The lead apron protects your neck and chest from the penetrating power of the x-rays.138a.γ-raysb.αparticlesc.βparticles139a.βparticlesb.γ-raysc.γ-rays140Anαparticle has the highest amount of energy, but the least penetrating power.141αparticles,βparticles, and x-rays142An absorbed dose measures the energy of radiation absorbed per mass of tissue but does not takeinto account the penetrating power of the radiation. The effective dose takes into account both thepenetrating power of radiation and the amount of energy to give a biological effect. The unit forabsorbed dose used in medicine is the Gray. The effective dose in medicine is measured inSieverts.143a.chronic exposureb.acute exposurec.chronic exposured.acute exposure144You can expect loss of hair all over the body, fatigue, general illness, and a high risk of infectionfor an exposure to 2.4 Sv of radiation.145An LD50indicates a level of exposure that would result in death in 50% of the population in 30days. An effective dose of 3–4 Sv is LD50for radiation exposure.146Radiation-based diagnostic techniques allow medical professionals to “see” internal organs andsystems for the purpose of diagnosis. Imaging techniques can eliminate the need for exploratorysurgery.147X-ray imaging and CT scans. X-rays are high-energy forms of electromagnetic radiation.148The detectors in a CT are arranged in a circular array that surrounds the body.149The quarter is higher in density than the tissue in the esophagus. The quarter absorbed more x-raysand is lighter in color than the tissue of the esophagus.150A CT scan can be used to detect a brain hemorrhage. A regular x-ray can be used to detect a simplefracture.

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Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes13151The building block elements make up the structure of the majority of compounds found in livingorganisms. They are carbon, 4 valence electrons; hydrogen, 1 valence electron; nitrogen, 5 valenceelectrons; oxygen, 6 valence electrons; phosphorus, 5 valence electrons; and sulfur, 6 valence electrons.152Astatine has seven valence electrons. They are in the= 6 energy level.n153A helium atom has the smaller diameter and volume because it has fewer electrons. As the numberof electrons increases, the outermost electrons spend more of their time in larger orbitals thatextend farther from the nucleus, thereby increasing the diameter of the atom. The helium atomwould be lighter since it only has 2 protons, whereas gold has 79 protons.154A selenium atom has the larger diameter because it has more electrons, which take up more spacearound the nucleus.155average atomic mass = (78.9183)(. 5069) + (80.9163)(. 4931) = 79.904157The danger of nuclear waste is that some of the radioisotopes have very long half-lives. Yes,hospitals produce nuclear waste, but the half-lives of the radioisotopes used in hospitals rangefrom a few hours to a few days, not thousands of years.158a.γ-ray has more penetrating power and can cause more damage to biological tissue.b.Ultraviolet light is higher in energy than visible light and can cause more damage.159αdecay andβdecay160a..210206486Rn→84Po+2αb.9090039YZ→+40r−1βLu177177071→72Hf+−1β161ab.....927Hf-177cA high-energyβparticle and a small amount of electromagnetic radiation (γ-rays) are released.162atechnetiumb.atomic number 43c.43 protons and 43 electronsd.10 mCie.γ-rayseTc-99 The daughter nuclide is not metastable.163aatomic number 77b.77 protons 192−77 = 115 neutronsc.192→192m77Ir78Pt0−1β1m19208Pt→78Pt0γ++d.a thick lead apron164I-131 is probably responsible for thyroid cancer.156010203040506070809001234567AMOUNT OF RADIOISOTOPE (G)NUMBER OF HALF‐LIVES8

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Solution Manual For Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3rd Edition - Page 15 preview image

14Chapter 3Chapter 3Ionic and Covalent Compounds17Caffeine is a compound.18When adenosine binds to the adenosine receptor, a signal is sent to the cell to slow its activity andprepare for sleep.19Caffeine has a shape that is similar to adenosine, so it can also bind the receptor.20When caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor, the receptor cannot perform its normal signalingfunction, and brain cells remain alert.21Epinephrine is the hormone produced in the fight-or-flight response.22dopamine23An element is made up of one type of atom. A compound is composed of two or more differenttypes of atoms.24The two types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds are formed whenvalence electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom, whereas covalent bonds areformed when valence electrons are shared between atoms.25Ionic compounds are formed when a metal atom transfers one or more valence electrons to anonmetal atom.26The two types of ions are monoatomic anions and monoatomic cations. Metals form monoatomicanions.27A cation is positively charged; an anion is negatively charged. Metal elements form monatomic cations.28An ionic bond is formed betweena monoatomic cationanda monoatomic anion.29An ionic bond is strong because opposite charges attract.30a.cation, one electron lost,Li+b.anion, three electrons gained,P3−c.anion, one electron gained,I−d.cation, five electrons lost,V5+31a.cation, two electrons lost,Ca2+b.cation, two or three electrons lost,Cr2+or Cr3+c.anion, three electrons gained,N3–d.cation, one electron lost,Ag+32Group 8A elements have no partially filled energy levels. They are stable.33AtomicNumber ofNumber ofName of IonSymbolNumberProtonsElectronsChargea.cesium ionCs+555554+1b.silver ionAg+474746+1c.chromium (III) ionCr3+242421+3d.selenide ionSe2–343436−2e.bromide ionBr–353536−1

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Solution Manual For Essentials of General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 3rd Edition - Page 16 preview image

Ionic and Covalent Compounds1534AtomicNumber ofNumber ofName of IonSymbolNumberProtonsElectronsChargea.Magnesium ionMg2+121210+2b.Mercury (II) ionHg2+808078+2c.ChlorideionCl−171718−1d.Fluoride ionF−9910−1e.OxideionO2−8810−235a.K+, potassium ion, charge +1, Br−; bromide ion, charge−1b.Mg2+, magnesium ion, charge+2; Cl−, chloride ion, charge−1c.K+, potassium ion, charge +1; I−, iodide ion, charge−1d.Ba2+, barium cation, charge +2; Cl−, chloride ion, charge−1e.Na+, sodium ion, charge +1; F−,fluoride ion, charge−136a.Na+, sodium ion, charge +1; O2−, oxide ion, charge−2b.Cu2+, copper (II) ion, charge +2;O2−, oxide ion, charge−2c.Ag+, silver ion, charge +1; Cl−, chloride ion, charge−1d.Zn2+, zinc ion, charge +2; S2−, sulfide ion, charge−2e.Ga3+, gallium ion, charge +3; As3−,arsenide ion, charge−337a.LiIb.RbFc.CaBr2d.BaI2e.CoCl2f.Al23O38a.SrCl2b.Cr2O3cFeOd.ZnBr2e.PtF4f.Ag2O...39astrontium oxideb.potassium iodidec.sodium iodided.zinc chloridee.gallium oxide40amagnesium bromideb.lithium fluoridec.cesium chlorided.zinc oxidee.silver iodide41bandd.Polyatomic ions are molecules that have lost or gained electrons, and there are covalentbonds between the atoms in the polyatomic ion.42a.monatomicb.polyatomicc.monatomicd.polyatomice.polyatomic43a.polyatomicb.polyatomicc.monatomicd.monatomice.polyatomic44a.barium sulfateb.lithium carbonatec.magnesium sulfated.potassium dihydrogen phosphatee.sodium nitrite45a.calcium sulfateb.ammonium hydrogen carbonatec.aluminum carbonated.silver nitratee.iron(III) oxide46b.potassium hydrogen phosphate47d.48a.Na3PO4b.NH4Clc.Mg(OH)2d.NaHCO349a.CaCO3b.K2HPO4c.Ca(HCO3)2d.MgHPO450Pb3(PO4)251Ca3(PO4)252When atoms come together to form a molecule, the valance energy levels arefilled.Thisarrangement ismorestable than the isolated atoms as elements.53A molecule is a discrete entity composed of two or more nonmetal atoms held together bycovalent bonds.Na23CO

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