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Biochemistry Flashcards and Study Decks

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51 resources

Study biochemistry concepts using interactive flashcards designed for quick revision and better retention. These flashcards help you review important topics such as biomolecules, enzyme activity, metabolic pathways, and genetic processes.

Explore biochemistry flashcard decks that cover key concepts like amino acids, enzyme mechanisms, ATP production, and DNA structure. Flashcards are ideal for reinforcing knowledge and preparing efficiently for exams.

For more detailed learning, you can also browse study materials or practice with step-by-step explanations.

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Flashcard Deck:

Acides aminés

Flashcard Deck:

4 Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

This flashcard set introduces the four major types of biomolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—highlighting their elemental composition, functions, and examples. It also breaks down carbohydrates into subtypes: monosaccharides and disaccharides, with real-world examples.

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20 Standard Amino Acids

**20 Standard Amino Acids – 2–3 line description:** Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, each consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group attached to a central carbon. Glycine (Gly) has a hydrogen R group, while Alanine (Ala) has a methyl (CH₃)...

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4.2: Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from a high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Factors like concentration gradient, surface area, and diffusion distance affect its rate. Facilitated diffusion involves specific protein channels and carrier proteins that help transport l...

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3.2: The Electron Microscope

This deck covers key concepts related to electron microscopes, including their advantages, functions, and limitations.

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2.4: Water and it's functions

Water has key properties like high specific heat capacity, high latent heat of vaporisation, and strong cohesion due to hydrogen bonding—making it vital for temperature regulation and transport. It also plays essential roles in metabolism, acts as a universal solvent, and provides a medium for bioch...

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2.3: Energy and ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. It releases energy by hydrolysis of its unstable phosphodiester bonds. ATP is regenerated through phosphorylation, which occurs in processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and substrate-level reactions.

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2.2: DNA Replication: Key Concepts

This deck covers essential concepts of DNA replication, including the purpose of replication before cell division and the process of semi-conservative replication.

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2.1: Structure of RNA and DNA

Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. DNA is a stable, double-stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds, with a sugar-phosphate backbone. Its structure enables it to store genetic information, replicate accurately, and pass traits across generations.

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1.9 Enzyme Inhibition

Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and temporarily bind to the active site, reducing enzyme activity—but their effect can be reduced by increasing substrate concentration. Non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere on the enzyme, altering the active site’s shape, and their effect remains u...

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1.8: Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. These factors affect the rate of enzyme-substrate complex formation, with optimal conditions enhancing the reaction rate and extreme conditions (like high temperature or pH changes) potentially denat...

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1.7: Enzyme action

This deck covers fundamental concepts about enzyme action, including how enzymes work, why they are effective in small quantities, and the induced fit model of enzyme action.

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1.6: Proteins - Structure and Testing

This deck covers the structure of amino acids and polypeptides, including the formation of dipeptides and the different levels of protein structure. It also includes the method for testing proteins.

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1.5: ipids

Lipids are nonpolar molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with diverse biological functions including energy storage, insulation, waterproofing, and membrane structure. Triglycerides and phospholipids are key lipid types, with structures suited to their roles in cells, and their presenc...

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1.3: Carbohydrates: Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

This deck covers key concepts related to disaccharides and polysaccharides, including their formation, breakdown, and testing methods.

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1.2: Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

This deck covers key concepts related to carbohydrates, focusing on the definitions of monomers and polymers, as well as the test for reducing sugars.

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Biochemistry: Miscellaneous 3

Glucogenic amino acids can be converted into glucose, while ketogenic amino acids are used to produce ketone bodies.

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Biochemistry: Revision

Carbohydrate digestion doesn’t occur in the stomach due to the absence of enzymes and acidic conditions. In the small intestine, carbs are broken into monosaccharides for absorption. Lipolysis breaks TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol, and in the ETC, electrons help move H⁺ to generate ATP via ATP s...

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Biochemistry: The Gs

Converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. It’s used when energy is needed and helps lower blood glucose levels.

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Biochemistry: Fed and Fasting State

Excess carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles via glycogenesis, while excess lipid is stored as triacylglycerol (TAG) in adipose tissue. Surplus amino acids undergo breakdown to remove nitrogen via transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle.

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Biochemistry: Using a Fatty Acid to generate ATP

Beta-oxidation breaks down fatty acids into multiple acetyl CoA units, which are essential to start the CAC, the first step of the common metabolic pathway (CMP) for ATP production. The NADH and FADH₂ produced in the CAC deliver electrons to the ETC, where electron movement drives H⁺ into the interm...

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Biochemistry: Using Glucose to generate ATP

Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then transformed into acetyl CoA for entry into the CAC during aerobic respiration. The CAC produces NADH and FADH₂, which deliver electrons to the ETC, enabling oxidative phosphorylation (OP) to generate large amounts of ATP. These connected pathw...

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Biochemistry: Miscellaneous

The inner membrane separates the matrix (inside space) from the intermembrane space in mitochondria. In the CAC, enzymes convert oxidized coenzymes into electron-rich forms, which then fuel the ETC. Excess dietary carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and fat. During glycolysis, NAD⁺ is required in s...

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Biochemistry: Carbon Skeletons

This deck covers key concepts about the carbon skeletons of amino acids, focusing on the differences between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids and their metabolic pathways.

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Biochemistry: Amino Acid Metabolism

In oxidative deamination, glutamate loses its amino group, forming ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) and alpha-ketoglutarate. The NH₄⁺ is used to form carbamoyl phosphate, the starting input of the urea cycle. This cycle occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytosol of liver cells, depending on wher...

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Biochemistry: Protein Digestion

This deck covers key concepts related to the digestion of proteins, including the role of enzymes and the process of amino acid absorption.

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Biochemistry: Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis occurs in the cytosol, where the enzyme fatty acid synthase is located. It starts with acetyl CoA (from carbohydrate metabolism) and ends with the production of fatty acids, which can form triacylglycerols (TAGs) for fat storage. Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria via the ci...

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Biochemistry: Ketogenesis

Ketogenesis produces three ketone bodies: beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone (a byproduct of acetoacetate breakdown). Ketone bodies serve as an alternative energy source, especially for the brain during low glucose availability.

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Biochemistry: ATP Generation from a Fatty Acid

Lauric acid (12 carbons) undergoes 5 beta-oxidation cycles, producing 6 acetyl CoA units. Each cycle yields 1 NADH and 1 FADH₂, resulting in a total of 5 NADH and 5 FADH₂ for the full breakdown of lauric acid.

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Biochemistry: Beta-oxidation

Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where all required enzymes are located. It breaks down acyl CoA (activated fatty acid) — derived from TAGs — into acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH₂. Acetyl CoA enters the CAC to help generate ATP. Fatty acids enter mitochondria via the carnitine transport...

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Biochemistry: Lipid Digestion

Lipid digestion begins with minimal activity in the mouth and stomach, but mainly occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase, forming micelles. These are absorbed, reassembled into TAGs, and packaged into chylomicrons for transport. TAGs are then either stored in fat cells or broken down fo...

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Biochemistry: Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose

This deck covers the hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels, focusing on the roles of insulin and glucagon in metabolic processes.

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Biochemistry: Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like pyruvate, mainly in the liver and kidneys when blood glucose is low. It occurs in the cytosol where the required enzymes are located. The input is pyruvate, and the output is glucose. Pyruvate comes from amino acids ...

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Biochemistry: Glucose Metabolism

This deck covers key metabolic reactions involving glucose, including glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis.

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Biochemistry: Producing ATP from Metabolic Pathways

During strenuous exercise, four key metabolic processes are activated to rapidly produce ATP: glycolysis, glycogenolysis, anaerobic respiration, and the common metabolic pathway (CMP). Glycolysis directly produces 2 ATP and pyruvate, which can enter the CMP via acetyl-CoA for further ATP production.

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Biochemistry: ATP Generation from Glucose

One glucose molecule produces 2 NADH and 2 ATP during glycolysis. The NADH, formed in the cytosol, are converted to 2 FADH2, yielding 3 ATP. Glycolysis also gives a net 2 ATP. Conversion of 2 pyruvate to 2 acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria produces 2 NADH, generating 5 ATP. These steps contribute a tot...

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Biochemistry: Electron Transport Chain

The ETC occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where electron carriers (NADH & FADH₂) donate electrons. This powers the pumping of H⁺ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. OP occurs when H⁺ flows back into the matrix through ATP synthase, generating ATP.

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Biochemistry: Citric Acid Cycle

The Citric Acid Cycle (CAC), also called the Krebs Cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix because the necessary enzymes are located there. It processes Acetyl CoA—derived from carbohydrates, fats, or proteins—to produce 3 NADH and 1 FADH₂ per cycle, which carry electrons to the electron transport...

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Biochemistry: Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a cytosolic metabolic pathway that breaks down one glucose (C6) into two pyruvate (C3) molecules, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. It occurs in the cytosol because all required enzymes are located there.

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Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Digestion

This deck covers the process of carbohydrate digestion, including where and how it occurs in the digestive system, the enzymes involved, and the absorption of digestion products.

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