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2024 BIOD 152 Hematology Module 6 Exam With Answers (159 Solved Questions)

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    BIOD 152- Module 7 Exam Updated 2024 What are the 2 methods of renal control mechanism? - -H+ secretion -conversion of bicarbonate When and where does H+ secretion occur? - -in response to pH of the extracellular fluid -secretes through renal filtrate Explain the conversion of bicarbonate in the renal control mechanism - -bicarbonate is replenished in the plasma by reclaiming it from the rental filtrate How is the renal control mechanism used during alkalosis? - renal collecting duct intercalated cells can secrete bicarbonate while simultaneously recovering H+ to lower the pH of the blood Normal blood serum levels - Normal pH = 7.35-7.45 Normal PCO2 = 35-45 mm (pressure of carbon dioxide) Normal HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L (bicarbonate) When is acidosis and alkalosis disorders metabolic? - isn't caused the the pressure of CO2 in the blood When is acidosis and alkalosis disorders respiratory? - whether the cause is higher or lower CO2 pressure in the blood What can happen if there is severe acidosis? below 7 pH - central nervous system is markedly depressed causing: -coma -imminent death What can happen if there is severe alkalosis? above 7.8 pH - nervous system is markedly excited causing: -extreme nervousness -muscle contraction

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    -convulsion -death due to the lack of breathing What is Metabolic acidosis? - -lower pH due to lower bicarbonate concentration (HCO3) cause of metabolic acidosis - buildup of acidic metabolic products such as acetic acid, lactic acid, diabetic ketosis or extreme diarrhea What is Metabolic alkalosis? - higher pH due to higher concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3) Causes of Metabolic alkalosis - Vomiting, intake of excess antacids, and constipation How does the respiratory system work to correct metabolic acidosis or alkalosis? - respiratory compensation How does the renal system attempt to correct the disorder? - renal compensation To determine if a patient has abnormal lab values (from a blood sample): - 1. acidosis or alkalosis 2. respiratory or metabolic 3. if multiple abnormal values: determine if 1 of the abnormal values is due to compensation by 1 of the systems Size and location of kidneys - -bean shaped -5 oz -between T12-L3 -right kidney lies slightly lower because of the liver What is the renal Hilus? - A depression on the medial border of the kidney What is the Renal sinus? - where the blood vessels, nerves and ureter enter or leave the kidney

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    Layers of the kidney - -Renal capsule: inner most -Adipose capsule: fatty layer -Renal fascia: outer most Inner regions of the kidney - -Renal cortex: outer portion with projections (cortical columns) -Renal Medulla: divided into sections (pyramids) -Renal Pelvis: funnel tube that connects to the ureter as it leaves the hilus -Calyces: extensions of rental pelvis that collect urine & drain into the renal pelvis -Ureter Blood Supply to Kidneys - -renal arteries come right off abdominal aorta -deliver 1200 ml of blood/ min -20% of cardiac output Explain the blood flow in the kidneys - -Renal arteries -branch into 5 segmental arteries -divide into lobar arteries -divide into interlobar arteries (pass brwn renal pyramids) -divide into arcuate arteries -divide into interlobular arteries -feed afferent arterioles -which supply glomeruli -after filtration, into efferent arterioles & drains into either peritubular or vasa recta capillaries Explain the blood flow out of the kidneys - -From capillaries, drains into interlobular veins -arcuate veins -interlobar veins -renal vein which exits kidney Nerve supply to kidney - Renal Plexus -nerve fibers follow renal arteries into each kidney -Sympathetic innervation

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    Ureters function - 2 that carry urine from kidneys into the bladder What is the Ureterovesical valves - -sphincter located where the ureters enter the base of the bladder -prevents backflow of urine Linning of ureters - -transitional epithelium: inner most -muscular: longitudinal & circular, uses contractions to propel urine -fibrous connective tissue: outer Urinary Bladder - -hollow muscular sac -receives and stores urine -urine exits via urethra Male vs female bladder - male: base of bladder in front of rectum, behind pubis symphysis. female: sits below uterus, in front of vagina. lower max cap Anatomy of the bladder - -2 urethral orifices -trigone: smooth triangular center region of the bladder Layers of the bladder - -outer adventitia: fibrous connective tissue -detrusor muscle: inner & outer longitudinal layers, middle circular layer -inner mucosal layer Why is the inner mucosal layer important to the bladder? - made up of transitional epithelium which enables expansion to absorb fluids Features of the bladder - -elastic & collapsable when empty -swells & rises in abdominal cavity -rugae -micturition What allows the bladder to extend to increase in capacity? - Rugae- inner folds

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    What is the max capacity of the bladder? How much urine causes the urge to urinate? - - 800-1000 mL -200 ml What is micturition? - the act of emptying the bladder How does micturition happen? - -detrusor muscle contracts forcing urine agains internal urethral sphincter -internal sphincter relaxes -then we control relaxing the external urethral sphincter which would result in urination What is the inability to control micturition voluntarily called? - incontinence Causes of incontinence - -infant -dementia -emotional trauma -pregnancy -Nervous system injuries What is the inability to expel urine called? - Urinary retention -catheter for treatment What causes urinary retention? - -detrusor muscle is slow to regain activity after being under anesthesia -overgrowth of prostate gland Lining of urethra - mucosal lining starts as transitional epithelium and becomes stratified columnar towards exit What is the internal urethra sphincter? - -involuntary -near bladder -keeps urethra closed

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