2024 BIOD 152 Hematology Module 6 Exam With Answers (159 Solved Questions)

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BIOD 152- Module 7 Exam Updated 2024What are the 2 methods of renal control mechanism? - -H+ secretion-conversion of bicarbonateWhen and where does H+ secretion occur? - -in response to pH of the extracellular fluid-secretes through renal filtrateExplain the conversion of bicarbonate in the renal control mechanism - -bicarbonate isreplenished in the plasma by reclaiming it from the rental filtrateHow is the renal control mechanism used during alkalosis? - renal collecting ductintercalated cells can secrete bicarbonate while simultaneously recovering H+ to lower thepH of the bloodNormal blood serum levels - Normal pH = 7.35-7.45Normal PCO2 = 35-45 mm (pressure of carbon dioxide)Normal HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L (bicarbonate)When is acidosis and alkalosis disorders metabolic? - isn't caused the the pressure of CO2in the bloodWhen is acidosis and alkalosis disorders respiratory? - whether the cause is higher or lowerCO2 pressure in the bloodWhat can happen if there is severe acidosis? below 7 pH - central nervous system ismarkedly depressed causing:-coma-imminent deathWhat can happen if there is severe alkalosis? above 7.8 pH - nervous system is markedlyexcited causing:-extreme nervousness-muscle contraction

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-convulsion-death due to the lack of breathingWhat is Metabolic acidosis? - -lower pH due to lower bicarbonate concentration (HCO3)cause of metabolic acidosis - buildup of acidic metabolic products such as acetic acid, lacticacid, diabetic ketosis or extreme diarrheaWhat is Metabolic alkalosis? - higher pH due to higher concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3)Causes of Metabolic alkalosis - Vomiting, intake of excess antacids, and constipationHow does the respiratory system work to correct metabolic acidosis or alkalosis? -respiratory compensationHow does the renal system attempt to correct the disorder? - renal compensationTo determine if a patient has abnormal lab values (from a blood sample): - 1. acidosis oralkalosis2. respiratory or metabolic3. if multiple abnormal values: determine if 1 of the abnormal values is due to compensationby 1 of the systemsSize and location of kidneys - -bean shaped-5 oz-between T12-L3-right kidney lies slightly lower because of the liverWhat is the renal Hilus? - A depression on the medial border of the kidneyWhat is the Renal sinus? - where the blood vessels, nerves and ureter enter or leave thekidney

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Layers of the kidney - -Renal capsule: inner most-Adipose capsule: fatty layer-Renal fascia: outer mostInner regions of the kidney - -Renal cortex: outer portion with projections (cortical columns)-Renal Medulla: divided into sections (pyramids)-Renal Pelvis: funnel tube that connects to the ureter as it leaves the hilus-Calyces: extensions of rental pelvis that collect urine & drain into the renal pelvis-UreterBlood Supply to Kidneys - -renal arteries come right off abdominal aorta-deliver 1200 ml of blood/ min-20% of cardiac outputExplain the blood flow in the kidneys - -Renal arteries-branch into 5 segmental arteries-divide into lobar arteries-divide into interlobar arteries (pass brwn renal pyramids)-divide into arcuate arteries-divide into interlobular arteries-feed afferent arterioles-which supply glomeruli-after filtration, into efferent arterioles & drains into either peritubular or vasa rectacapillariesExplain the blood flow out of the kidneys - -From capillaries, drains into interlobular veins-arcuate veins-interlobar veins-renal vein which exits kidneyNerve supply to kidney - Renal Plexus-nerve fibers follow renal arteries into each kidney-Sympathetic innervation

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Ureters function - 2 that carry urine from kidneys into the bladderWhat is the Ureterovesical valves - -sphincter located where the ureters enter the base ofthe bladder-prevents backflow of urineLinning of ureters - -transitional epithelium: inner most-muscular: longitudinal & circular, uses contractions to propel urine-fibrous connective tissue: outerUrinary Bladder - -hollow muscular sac-receives and stores urine-urine exits via urethraMale vs female bladder - male: base of bladder in front of rectum, behind pubis symphysis.female: sits below uterus, in front of vagina. lower max capAnatomy of the bladder - -2 urethral orifices-trigone: smooth triangular center region of the bladderLayers of the bladder - -outer adventitia: fibrous connective tissue-detrusor muscle: inner & outer longitudinal layers, middle circular layer-inner mucosal layerWhy is the inner mucosal layer important to the bladder? - made up of transitionalepithelium which enables expansion to absorb fluidsFeatures of the bladder - -elastic & collapsable when empty-swells & rises in abdominal cavity-rugae-micturitionWhat allows the bladder to extend to increase in capacity? - Rugae- inner folds

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What is the max capacity of the bladder? How much urine causes the urge to urinate? - -800-1000 mL-200 mlWhat is micturition? - the act of emptying the bladderHow does micturition happen? - -detrusor muscle contracts forcing urine agains internalurethral sphincter-internal sphincter relaxes-then we control relaxing the external urethral sphincter which would result in urinationWhat is the inability to control micturition voluntarily called? - incontinenceCauses of incontinence - -infant-dementia-emotional trauma-pregnancy-Nervous system injuriesWhat is the inability to expel urine called? - Urinary retention-catheter for treatmentWhat causes urinary retention? - -detrusor muscle is slow to regain activity after beingunder anesthesia-overgrowth of prostate glandLining of urethra - mucosal lining starts as transitional epithelium and becomes stratifiedcolumnar towards exitWhat is the internal urethra sphincter? - -involuntary-near bladder-keeps urethra closed

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