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2024 BIOD 152 - Portage Learning Anatomy and Physiology Module 1-7 Exam With Answers (134 Solved Questions)

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    BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology II: Portage Learning With Verified Q & A Latest Updated 2024 What is Alzheimer's disease? - -Form of dementia (memory deficit) -degenerative disease - results in mental decline until brain can no longer control basic bodily functions What structural changes does alzheimers cause? - -formation of plague -entanglement of neurons -lack of neural firing -leads to neuron death -shrinkage of the cerebral cortex gray mater What are the stages of alzheimers? - -early: difficulty remembering new things -mid: brain loss interferes with basic memory skills, mood changes, disorientation -late: difficulty speaking, swallowing, walking What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? - motor neuron disease which can lead to paralysis, loss of speech, swallowing, breathing -degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons What is paralysis? - What is a complete or total spinal cord injury? - -Cord is completely severed at any level -TOtal motor and sensory loss occurs below the site of damage

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    What is paraplegia? - paralysis from the waist downn -T1-L1 What is quadriplegia? - paralysis of all four limbs What is carpal tunnel syndrome? - -compression of the median nerve -causes decreased sensation in the first 3 1/2 digits What is claw hand? - -damage to ular nerve -inability to open 4th and 5th digit What is sciatica? - -Pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles -causes pain in lower pelvis down to posterior thigh What is paralysis? - Loss of motor and sensory function caused by localized damage to spinal cord or spinal nerves Name the 4 brain divisions - Cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum Name the ventricles of the brain - 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle What are brain ventricles - Protective cavity of brain filled with CSF Name the 3 meningeal layers of the brain - dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater What is the dura mater and subdural space?- in brain - Dura: outermost layer, double later Subdural: space below dura What is the arachnoid meninx and subarachnoid space?- in brain - arachnoid: loose layer of connective tissue below the dura subarachnoid: space below arachnoid, contains blood vessels and CSF

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    What is the pia mater?- in brain - Thin connective tissue attached to brain, below the arachnoid What is the choroid plexus? - Network of blood vessels in ventricles of the brain List functions of CSF - Protects chemical enviro, allows brain to float, cushions brain and spinal cord What is the blood brain barrier? - -protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain -Formed from astrocytes surrounding brain capillaries What does the frontal lobe control? - -higher level executive functions: reasoning and decision making. -controls motor functions What does the parietal lobe control? - receives sensory input for touch & taste What does the occipital lobe control? - processing visual information What does the temporal lobe control? - hearing and smelling What is the difference between a primary area and an association area in the brain? - - Primary areas in each lobe receive information for one type of sensory information -Association areas act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action. What does the primary motor cortex do? and where is it located? - -controls voluntary motor activity in the hwole body -Located in Frontal lobe -Also called precentral gyrus and somatomotor cortex What does the primary sensory cortex do? and where is it located? - -receives sensory information from the whole body

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    -Located in parietal lobe -also called postcentral gyrus and somatosensory cortex What does Broca's area do? and where is it located? - -Responsible for speech production -Located in frontal lobe What does Wernicke's area do? and where is ti located? - -language comprehension - Located in the temporal lobe List the parts of the brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata What does the medulla oblongata do? - -regulates heart rate, breathing, vasoconstriction -contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, swallowing Describe the medulla oblongata - -Anterior to the cerebellum - between the spinal cord and pons - has tracts that ascend and descend btwn the spinal cord and brain What does the pons do? - -regulates breathing -reflex centers concerned with head movement in responds to visual and auditory stimuli Describe the pons - -between medulla and midbrain -contains bundles of axons traveling btwn cerebellum and the rest of CNS What does the midbrain do? - -Reflexes for higher-level reflexes: visual, auditory, tactile Describe the midbrain - -Top part of the brain stem -Relay station for tracts passing btwn the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum -has superior and inferior colliculi What do the superior and inferior colliculi do? - controls reflexes for the head & neck in responds to sudden visual or auditory stimuli -located posteriorly on the midbrain

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