2024 BIOS252 Biology Comprehension Exam With Answers (133 Solved Questions)

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BIOS 252 COMPREHENSION EXAM 2024 4Versions Already Rated A+ From Expert WithComplete SolutionsVERSION 12 types of summation - *temporal (wave) summation: one presynaptic neuron to one postsynapticmembrane*spacial summation: multiple presynaptic neurons to one postsynaptic membranedescribe ligand gated channels - responds to chemical stimuli that bond to receptorsdescribe voltage gated channels - respond to a direct change in membrane potentialdescribe mechanically gated channels - responds to mechanical changedescribe hyperpolarization - membrane potential makes inside of cell more negative than restingpotential6 glial cells found in NS - *satellite*schwann*oligodendrocytes*microglial*astrocytes*ependymalfunction of the satellite cells - provides support for the nerves in the PNSfunction of the schwann cells - produce myelin in PNSfunction of oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in CNSfunction of the microglial cells - work as macrophages in CNS

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function of the astrocytes - *creates blood brain barrier*most abundant cell in the CNSfunction of the ependymal cells - produce cerebral spinal fluiddescribe the reticular activating system - bundle of nerves at brain stem that filters outunnecessary info so the imp. info gets throughidentify the lesser tubercle of the humerus -identify the lateral epicondyle of the humerus–what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? - *left hypochondriac*epigastric*right hypochondriac*left lumbar*umbilical*right lumbar*left inguinal (iliac)*hypogastric*right inguinal (iliac)what are the 11 organ systems - *nervous*respiratory*endocrine*digestive*muscular*reproductive*circulatory*integumentary*skeletal*lymphatic*urinaryfunction of nervous system - transmits signals from the brain to the rest of the bodyfunction of respiratory system - brings oxygen into the body while removing carbon dioxide

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function of endocrine system - regulates body activities by releasing harmonesfunction of digestive system - break down and absorbs nutrients from food and liquid andremoves wastefunction of muscular system - movement and heat productionfunction of reproductive system - creates offspring and releases hormones to regulatereproductionfunction of circulatory system - deliver blood to cells of the bodyfunction of integumentary system - *protection*vitamin D synthesis*sensation*thermoregulation*nonverbal communicationfunction of lymphatic system - to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytesfunction of urinary system - *elimination of excess water and waste*control of pHdefinition of homeostasis - the maintenance of a constant internal environmentdefine a negative feedback loop - changes are met with responses that restore the balance backto the original statedefine a positive feedback loop - changes are met with responses that amplify themselves untilbalance is restoreddescribe a covalent bond - *typically between nonmetals*form through the sharing of electrons*there are 2 different types of these bonds: polar covalent and nonpolar covalentdescribe a polar covalent bond - when one atom in a bond has a higher electronegativity causingthe electrons to be shared unequally

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describe an ionic bond - *typically between metals and nonmetals*form through the transfer of electrons*form between cations (+) and anions (-)describe a hydrogen bond - weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a pair of other atoms thathave a high affinity for electronsdescribe a synthesis reaction - *occurs when two or more simple compounds combine to form amore complicated one*requires energy (endothermic)describe a decomposition reaction - *occurs when a complex molecule breaks down to makesimpler ones*releases energy (exothermic)define a reactant - start the reactiondefine a product - what you're left with after a reactionwhat are 2 characteristics of an acid - *willing to give up an H+ ion*has a ph of <7what are 2 characteristics of a neutral - *can function as either an acid or a base*has a ph of 7what are 2 characteristics of a base (alkaline) - *accepts H+ ion*has a ph >7what is the ph of blood - 7.35-7.45function of nucleus - directs cell activity and contains DNAfunction of nucleolus - ribosome synthesisfunction of golgi apparatus - modifies, sorts, and packages proteins set for their destinationfunction of mitochondria - ATP production

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function of lysosomes - intracellular digestion, cell death (apoptosis)function of ribosomes - protein synthesisfunction of smooth endoplasmic reticulum - lipid synthesisfunction of rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein and lipid synthesisfunction of cell membrane - regulates what enters and leaves the cellwhat is active transport - *low to high concentration*requires ATPwhat are 2 types of active transport - *endocytosis- inside the cell*exocytosis- outside the cellwhat is passive transport - *high to low concentration*doesn't require ATPwhat are 2 types of passive transport - *osmosis*simple diffusionwhat is facilitated diffusion - the passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via achannel protein2 types of chromosomes in the human cell - *diploid (46, mitosis)*haploid (23, meiosis)what are the 6 steps of mitosis - 1. interphase2. prophase3. metaphase4. anaphase5. telophase6. cytokinesiswhat occurs during interphase - *G1- resting phase*S- duplication of DNA and centrioles

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*G2-preparation for mitosiswhat occurs during prophase - 1. nuclear envelope disappears2. chromatin condenses into chromosomes3. spindle fibers form centrioles4. centrioles move to opposite sideswhat occurs during metaphase - chromosomes meet in the center of the cellwhat occurs during anaphase - sister chromatids separatewhat occurs during telophase - 1. spindle fibers start to disappear2. chromosomes uncoil3. new nucleus formswhat occurs during cytokinesis - cytoplasm divideswhat are the 4 tissue types - *epithelial *connective*muscle*nervous7 subtypes of epithelial tissue - *simple*stratified*psuedostratified*squamous*cuboidal*columnar*transitional (cuboidal when relaxed, squamous when stretched)11 subtypes of connective tissue - *blood*bone*hyaline cartilage*fibrocartilage*elastic cartilage*dense regular*dense irregular*adipose*areolar

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