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BIOD 152 Nervous System Module 3 Exam With Answers (132 Solved Questions)

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    BIOD 152 Module 3 - Nervous System Part 3 (Special Senses) With Complete Solutions What are the 5 primary tastes? - Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, savory (umami) Sweet Taste - Produced by many compounds including sugars and some amino acids. Salty Taste - Produced by mainly metal salts, especially NaCl. Sour Taste - Produced by acids like acetic acid (in vinegar). Bitter Taste - Produced by many drugs like aspirin. Savory Taste - Due to certain amino acids and is found in many foods like fish, ripe tomatoes, aged cheeses, and soy sauce. Anosmia - The loss of smell; common after a traumatic brain injury. Can be temporary or permanent from a TBI depending on the severity of the injury and what part of the pathway was damaged. Ageusia - Loss of the sensation of taste Stimulation of olfactory receptors has a great effect on the sensation of taste in addition to taste bud stimulation. When the olfactory receptors are obstructed by nasal congestion or other factors, the sensation of taste is dulled or completely

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    lost. Other factors, such as TBI or a brain tumor inside the brain, can also cause ageusia if the taste pathway is damaged. Special Senses - The 5 senses that have specialized organs containing specialized receptor cells, which carry their impulses by way of specialized somatic and visceral afferents. (Vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium) Which of the senses is not a special sense? - Touch Instead of having a specialized sense organ, touch uses general receptors composed of modified dendrites of sensory neurons. What does touch include? - Pressure, vibration, pain, heat, and the combined information is carried in general somatic afferents and general visceral afferents. How many layers consist of the organ that is responsible for sight? - The eye consists of 3 layers What does the outer fibrous layer of the eye include? - Sclera and cornea Sclera - The posterior portion of the outer layer of the eye; AKA the white of the eye. Cornea - The anterior portion of the outer layer of the eye; the transparent part of the eye where light enters. Aqueous humor - Fills the spaces between the cornea and the lens.

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    What is included in the middle layer of the eye? - Choroid, ciliary muscle, and lens Choroid - The darkly-colored posterior portion of the middle layer of the eye that prevents light from dispersing throughout the eye. It is highly vascular and supplies blood to the other layers of the eye. What part of the eye supplies blood to the other layers? - Choroid Ciliary Body - Anterior to the choroid in the middle layer of the eye; changes the shape of the lens, allowing it to focus. Iris - Anterior to the ciliary body in the middle layer of the eye; contains the circular colored portion of the eye. It controls the amount of light let into the pupil and uses its muscle fibers to contract or dilate based on the amount of light in the environment. Pupil - A hole in the center of the iris. How does the iris control the amount of light let into the pupil? - The iris uses its muscle fibers to contract or dilate based on the amount of light in the environment. What is the inner sensory layer of the eye? - Retina Retina - The inner sensory layer of the eye, which contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones. Photoreceptors - Cells that are sensitive to light, which are contained in the retina; rods and cones.

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    Rods - The more numerous photoreceptors in the retina; stimulated in dim light. They are more sensitive to light but do not generate sharp or color images. Cones - The less numerous photoreceptors in the retina; operate in bright light, helping to generate sharp color images. Lens - Located posterior to the iris and pupil; changes shape to focus light on to the retina. Vitreous Body - The interior of the eye, posterior to the lens; a chamber filled with fluid. Vitreous Fluid - Helps to hold the retina firmly to the choroid; fills the vitreous body chamber. How does light enter the eye? - Light passes into the eye, moving progressively though the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to the posterior surface of the eye on the retina. Optic Nerve - The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain; photoreceptors in the retina send a signal through here onto the optic chiasm. Optic Chiasm - The point at which the medial fibers of the optic nerve cross in the brain where the optic tracts are formed; Located at the base of the hypothalamus Optic Tracts - The nerve pathways traveling from the optic chiasm to the thalamus where they terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus.

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