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Biological Molecules, Genetic Mechanisms, and Biotechnology Concepts

This document discusses biological molecules, genetic mechanisms, and biotechnology concepts, likely covering molecular biology and genetic engineering.

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    Biological Molecules, Genetic Mechanisms, and Biotechnology Concepts Cathedral Cells required for construction and information Information is expressed in cellular expression outside and inside the cell In cells this information is stored and expressed from within the cell itself Information expression in the cell is carefully sequenced and timed phosphorus an element in nature widely distributed in nucleic acids but seldom found in newly synthesized proteins sulfur an element in nature widely distributed in proteins but never found in nucleic like DNA or RNA Fraction a single portion of a biological sample that is being separated into many such portions as part of a purification process. virulent possessing a highly increased ability to cause disease transform to change a hereditary characteristic of an organism by introducing new DNA into its genome gene a segment of (usually) DNA that controls a single characteristic or trait of an organism DNase an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of DNA either into small segments of DNA or completely down to its nucleotide subunit

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    proteinase an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of protein either into smaller segments of peptides or completely down to its amino acid subunits RNase an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of RNA either into smaller segments of RNA or completely down to its nucleotide subunit x - rays crystallography a physical technique in which a purified sample of protein or nucleic acid is exposed to high - powered electromagnetic radiation to determine its molecular structure complementary in nucleic acids, describes the appropriately sized nucleotide bases from opposite strands of a double - stranded DNA (adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine) that pair via hydrogen bonds, thereby holding the double - stranded nucleic acid together Chromatin fibers within the cell nucleus consisting of DNA periodically stabilized by being wrapped around protein spheres called nucleosomes chromosome a highly coiled and organized arrangement of a single DNA molecule within the nucleus of a cell; used ot transport DNA to a daughter nucleus nucleosome a structural repeat unit within chromatin in which 147 base pair of DNA are wrapped around a spherical protein core ofr purposes of stability and protection micron (or micrometer) si 1/1000 of a millimeter; the millimeter is the smallest division visible on a metric ruler genotype the genetic makeup of the informational specifications for an organism

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