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Biology - Blood and Circulation

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    Study Guide Biology – Blood and Circulation 1. Circulatory Systems All living organisms need a way to move important materials — such as nutrients, gases, and wastes — to and from their cells. How this transport happens depends on the size and complexity of the organism. 1.1 Simple Organisms: No Transport System Needed Single - celled organisms live in constant contact with their environment. They can take in oxygen and nutrients and release wastes directly across their cell surface. The same is true for small and simple organisms such as algae, bryophytes, sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms . Because their bodies are thin or small, materials do not have to travel far. 1.2 Larger Organisms: Transport Becomes Essential As plants and animals become larger and more complex , many cells are located far from the outside environment. Diffusion alone is no longer enough. To solve this problem, these organisms have evolved transport systems , known as circulatory systems , to move materials efficiently throughout the body. 1.3 Circulatory Systems: The Big Picture A circulatory system is responsible for: • Delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells • Carrying waste materials away from cells • Helping coordinate activities throughout the organism Because plants and animals have different lifestyles and needs, they have developed different types of circulatory systems .

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    Study Guide 1.4 Circulatory Systems in Plants Transport systems are found in vascular plants , which live mostly on land and must move materials over long distances. 1.4.1 Vascular Tissue Plant transport tissues are organized into two main types: • Xylem ○ Transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant • Phloem ○ Transports food materials and hormones produced during photosynthesis Together, xylem and phloem allow plants to grow tall and survive in dry environments. 1.4.2 Vascular Bundles Xylem and phloem are arranged into structures called vascular bundles . • In monocot plants , vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem tissue. • In dicot plants , vascular bundles form a ring around a central pith . • In woody dicot plants , new xylem forms each growing season. ○ Old xylem builds up as annual rings , which can be used to determine the plant’s age. 1.5 Circulatory Systems in Animals In animals, the transport system is called a circulatory system because blood moves in a continuous circuit . 1.5.1 Main Components Most animal circulatory systems include:

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    Study Guide • Blood – the transport fluid • Heart – the pump that moves blood • Blood vessels , including: ○ Arteries (carry blood away from the heart) ○ Veins (carry blood back to the heart) ○ Capillaries (tiny vessels where exchange with cells occurs) 1.6 Types of Circulatory Systems in Animals 1.6.1 Earthworms: Simple Closed System E arthworms have: • Blood • Blood vessels • Five pulsating vessels that act like hearts These vessels pump blood throughout the body. Hemoglobin in the blood binds gases such as oxygen and carries them to tissues. 1.6.2 Arthropods: Open Circulatory System Terrestrial arthropods (like insects) have an open circulatory system . • A tube - like heart pumps blood into a main vessel. • Blood empties into a body cavity called the hemocoel . • Body movements help push the blood back toward the heart. In this system, blood does not stay completely inside vessels.

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    Study Guide 1.7 Circulatory Systems in Vertebrates All vertebrates have a single, strong, muscular heart , but the structure of the heart becomes more complex as animals evolve. 1.7.1 Fish Fish have a two - chambered heart : • One atrium (receiving chamber) • One ventricle (pumping chamber) Blood flows: 1. Into the atrium 2. Into the ventricle 3. To the gills for gas exchange 4. To the rest of the body 5. Back to the heart through veins 1.7.2 Amphibians Amphibians (such as frogs) have a three - chambered heart : • Two atria • One ventricle This design allows some mixing of oxygen - rich and oxygen - poor blood, but it is more efficient than the fish heart. 1.7.3 Reptiles Reptiles have a partially divided ventricle . • A muscular septum separates the ventricle into two sections. • This creates a primitive four - chambered heart , improving blood separation.

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    Study Guide 1.7.4 Birds and Mammals Birds and mammals have a fully developed four - chambered heart : • Two atria • Two ventricles This design keeps oxygen - rich and oxygen - poor blood completely separate: • One ventricle pumps blood to the lungs • The other pumps oxygen - rich blood to the rest of the body This highly efficient system supports high energy needs, especially in birds and mammals. 2. Quiz Circulatory Systems 1. Question Fill in the blank: Which of the following statements describing the plant circulatory system is FALSE ? Answer Choices • In woody dicot plants, new xylem forms on the outside of the cambium each season. • Monocot vascular bundles are scattered throughout the parenchyma tissue in no particular pattern. • Phloem transports food materials and hormones. Correct Answer In woody dicot plants, new xylem forms on the outside of the cambium each season. Why This Is Correct This statement is false because in woody dicot plants , new xylem forms on the inside of the vascular cambium , while new phloem forms on the outside. This inward growth of xylem is what produces annual growth rings in trees. The other statements are true because:

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    Study Guide • Monocots have vascular bundles scattered throughout the parenchyma tissue. • Phloem transports sugars (food materials) and hormones throughout the plant. Therefore, the false statement is that new xylem forms on the outside of the cambium. 2. Question Fill in the blank: Which of the following pairs is INCORRECT ? Answer Choices • arthropods and hemocoel • earthworm and open circulatory system • vertebrates and four - chambered heart Correct Answer earthworm and open circulatory system Why This Is Correct This pair is incorrect because earthworms have a closed circulatory system , not an open one. Their blood remains within vessels as it circulates through the body. The other pairs are correct because: • Arthropods have an open circulatory system with a hemocoel , where blood bathes the organs directly. • Vertebrates (such as mammals and birds) possess a four - chambered heart , which efficiently separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Therefore, the incorrect pair is earthworm and open circulatory system . 3. Question Fill in the blank: Which of the following does NOT have a four - chambered heart?

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