Biology - Blood and Circulation - Quick Guides | Biology

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Study GuideBiology–Blood and Circulation1. Circulatory SystemsAll living organisms need a way to move important materials—such asnutrients, gases, andwastes—to and from their cells. How this transport happens depends on the size andcomplexity ofthe organism.1.1 Simple Organisms: No Transport System NeededSingle-celled organisms live in constant contact with their environment. They can take inoxygen andnutrientsand releasewastesdirectly across their cell surface.The same is true for small and simple organisms such asalgae, bryophytes, sponges, cnidarians,and flatworms. Because their bodies are thin or small, materials do not have to travel far.1.2 Larger Organisms: Transport Becomes EssentialAs plants and animals becomelarger and more complex, many cells are located far from theoutside environment. Diffusion alone is no longer enough. To solve this problem, these organismshave evolvedtransport systems, known ascirculatory systems, to move materials efficientlythroughout the body.1.3Circulatory Systems: The Big PictureA circulatory system is responsible for:•Deliveringnutrients and oxygento cells•Carryingwaste materialsaway from cells•Helping coordinate activities throughout the organismBecause plants and animals have different lifestyles and needs, they have developeddifferent typesof circulatory systems.

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Study Guide1.4Circulatory Systems in PlantsTransport systems are found invascular plants, which live mostly on land and must move materialsover long distances.1.4.1Vascular TissuePlant transport tissues are organized into two main types:•Xylem○Transportswater and mineralsfrom the roots to the rest of the plant•Phloem○Transportsfood materials and hormonesproduced during photosynthesisTogether, xylem and phloem allow plants to grow tall and survive in dry environments.1.4.2Vascular BundlesXylem and phloem are arranged into structures calledvascular bundles.•Inmonocot plants, vascular bundles arescatteredthroughout the stem tissue.•Indicot plants, vascular bundles form aring around a central pith.•Inwoody dicot plants, new xylem forms each growing season.○Old xylem builds up asannual rings, which can be used to determine the plant’sage.1.5Circulatory Systems in AnimalsIn animals, the transport system is called acirculatory systembecause blood moves in a continuouscircuit.1.5.1Main ComponentsMost animal circulatory systems include:

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Study Guide•Blood–the transport fluid•Heart–the pump that moves blood•Blood vessels, including:○Arteries(carry blood away from the heart)○Veins(carry blood back to the heart)○Capillaries(tiny vessels where exchange with cells occurs)1.6Types of Circulatory Systems in Animals1.6.1Earthworms: Simple Closed SystemEarthworms have:•Blood•Blood vessels•Five pulsating vesselsthat act like heartsThese vessels pump blood throughout the body.Hemoglobinin the blood binds gases such asoxygen and carries them to tissues.1.6.2Arthropods: Open Circulatory SystemTerrestrial arthropods (like insects) have anopen circulatory system.•A tube-like heart pumps blood into a main vessel.•Blood empties into a body cavity called thehemocoel.•Body movements help push the blood back toward the heart.In this system, blood does not stay completely inside vessels.

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Study Guide1.7Circulatory Systems in VertebratesAll vertebrates have asingle, strong, muscular heart, but the structure of the heart becomes morecomplex as animals evolve.1.7.1FishFish have atwo-chambered heart:•Oneatrium(receiving chamber)•Oneventricle(pumping chamber)Blood flows:1.Into the atrium2.Into the ventricle3.To thegillsfor gas exchange4.To the rest of the body5.Back to the heart through veins1.7.2AmphibiansAmphibians (such as frogs) have athree-chambered heart:•Two atria•One ventricleThis design allows some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, but it is more efficient than thefish heart.1.7.3ReptilesReptiles have apartially divided ventricle.•A muscularseptumseparates the ventricle into two sections.•This creates aprimitive four-chambered heart, improving blood separation.

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Study Guide1.7.4Birds and MammalsBirds and mammals have afully developed four-chambered heart:•Two atria•Two ventriclesThis design keeps oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood completely separate:•One ventricle pumps blood to thelungs•The other pumps oxygen-rich blood to therest of the bodyThis highly efficient system supports high energy needs, especially in birds and mammals.2. Quiz Circulatory Systems1. QuestionFill in the blank:Which of the following statements describing the plant circulatory system isFALSE?Answer Choices•In woody dicot plants, new xylemforms on the outside of the cambium each season.•Monocot vascular bundles are scattered throughout the parenchyma tissue in no particularpattern.•Phloem transports food materials and hormones.Correct AnswerIn woody dicot plants, new xylemforms on the outside of the cambium each season.Why This Is CorrectThis statement is false because inwoody dicot plants, newxylem forms on the inside of thevascular cambium, while new phloem forms on the outside. This inward growth of xylem is whatproduces annual growth rings in trees.The other statements are true because:

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Study Guide•Monocotshave vascular bundles scattered throughout the parenchyma tissue.•Phloemtransports sugars (food materials) and hormones throughout the plant.Therefore, the false statement is that new xylem forms on the outside of the cambium.2. QuestionFill in the blank:Which of the following pairs isINCORRECT?Answer Choices•arthropods and hemocoel•earthworm and open circulatory system•vertebrates andfour-chambered heartCorrect Answerearthworm and open circulatory systemWhy This Is CorrectThis pair is incorrect becauseearthworms have a closed circulatory system, not an open one.Their blood remains within vessels as it circulatesthrough the body.The other pairs are correct because:•Arthropodshave anopen circulatory systemwith ahemocoel, where blood bathes theorgans directly.•Vertebrates(such as mammals and birds) possess afour-chambered heart, whichefficiently separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.Therefore, the incorrect pair isearthworm and open circulatory system.3. QuestionFill in the blank:Which of the following doesNOThave a four-chambered heart?

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