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Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 4th Edition Test Bank

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    Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience MULTIPLE CHOICE LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the origins of the field of cognitive neuroscience 2. Describe the roots of the debate over localization of function 3. Explain the ways in which brain structure was studied 4. Understand the philosophical origins of cognitive psychology 5. Discuss behaviorism and its principal tenets 6. Explain how and why cognitive psychology came to the forefront of psychological fields 7. Identify the different methods that are used to measure brain function and structure 1. The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering her newborn child, a. she survived an attempted electrocution. b. she escaped and later married Thomas Willis, a famous neurologist. c. she survived an attempted hanging. d. she escaped and later became a famous neurologist. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Historical Perspective OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 2. Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also a. created very accurate drawings of the brain. b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures. c. took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. d. all of the above. ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Historical Perspective OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Understanding 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal reasons that Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience? a. he named many brain parts. b. he dissected the brains of criminals within 21 miles of Oxford. c. he was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. d. he created very accurate brain images. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Historical Perspective OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Evaluating 4. A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities a. can be localized to particular parts of the brain. b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull. c. are best studied using introspection or the scientific method. d. can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.

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    ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding 5. The discipline of phrenology was founded by a. Broca and Wernicke. c. Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. b. Fritsch and Hitzig. d. Gall and Spurzheim. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 6. Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that a. skull protrusio ns are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in spec ific ways. c. life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits, such as aggressiveness. d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Evaluating 7. Localizationist is to ________ as holistic is to ________. a. Wernicke ; Gall c. Flourens ; Broca b. Gall ; Flourens d. Broca ; Wernicke ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding 8. Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed because a. he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. c. he ought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. d. he used his own skull as th e base model. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 9. The view known as aggregate field theory , which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with a. Broca. c. Brodmann. b. Hughlings Jackson. d. Flourens. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 10. Willis is to ________ as ________ is to Broca. a. Flourens ; Spurzheim. c. Gall ; Dax. b. Spurzheim ; Flourens. d. Dax ; Gall. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Analyzing

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    11. In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was that a. he did not seek disconfirming evidence. b. he was not a scientist. c. his method was correlational. d. all of the above. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Analyzing 12. Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him? a. You are a domineering person. b. Your father was a very domineering person. c. Your brother is a domineering person. d. Your mother was a very domineering person. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying 13. The view developed by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as a. the neuron doctrine. c. rationalism. b. aggregate field theory. d. the law of effect. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 14. John Hughlings Jackson proposed a ________organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work with people with ________. a. holistic ; aphasia c. topographic ; epilepsy b. topographic ; aphasia d. holistic ; epilepsy ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding 15. ________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior. a. Broca c. Flourens b. Hughlings Jackson d. Brodmann ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 16. Which nineteenth-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production? a. Flourens c. Broca b. Wernicke d. Brodmann ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 17. Paul Broca’s first patient Leborgne was able to produce which of the following words? a. merci c. trois b. tan d. Paris ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story

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    OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 18. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca, compared to before his stroke? a. listening to a piano recital c. reading a book aloud b. appreciating a painting d. playing a game of cards ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying 19. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke, compared to before his stroke? a. understanding a speech c. singing a song b. painting a picture d. riding a horse ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying 20. Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the ________ contributes to language comprehension. a. right frontotemporal area c. right temporoparietal area b. left frontotemporal area d. left temporoparietal area ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying 21. Wernicke is to ________ as Broca is to ________. a. understanding speech ; speaking b. speaking ; understanding speech c. aggregate field theory ; topographic organization d. aggregate field theory ; aggregate field theory ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 22. As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________, whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________. a. fine motor control ; the sense of touch b. the sense of touch ; fine motor control c. the production of language ; the perception of language d. the perception of language ; the production of language ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 23. One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the twentieth century is that a. most early investigators were limited to postmo rtem studies to localize lesions. b. investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until the twentieth century. c. most early investigators focused on studying the brain – behavior relationship in animals rather than in humans. d . there was little interest in this field until the twentieth century. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story

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    OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding 24. Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain that differed in ________. a. phrenological ; cytoarchitectonics c. tissue staining ; cytoarchitectonics b. phrenological ; chronometrics d. tissue staining ; chronometrics ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 25. Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery in neuroscience? a. Edward L. Thorndike c. Camillo Golgi b. Korbinian Brodmann d. Jan Evangelista Purkinje ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding 26. Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. More specifically, they found a. a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific movements. b. a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations. c. no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimu lated and specific movements. d. no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specific vocalizations. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding 27. Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by a. the structure of their surface convolutions. b. their structure at the cellular level. c. the complex functions they perform. d. the basic functions they perform. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 28. Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early twentieth century? a. look at a CAT scan b. observe the tracts that connect each layer c. look at patients with damage to those cells d. look at the layers under a microscope ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Applying 29. The neuroanatomist who described fifty-two distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was a. Purkinje. c. Brodmann.

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    b. Helmholtz. d. Hyde. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 30. Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm? a. synapse c. striatum b. syncytium d. claustrum ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 31. La reazione nera , or “the black reaction,” refers to a. a cell stain developed by Golgi. b. a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. c. a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. d. a type of reinforcement - based learning described by the behaviorists. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 32. Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century? a. Paul Broca c. Gustav Theodor Fritsch b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón y Cajal ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 33. Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”? a. The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers. b. The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive. c. The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally inte ractive. d. The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding 34. The neuron doctrine is usually credited to ________, who used a staining technique pioneered by ________. a. Purkinje ; Brodmann c. Golgi ; Ramón y Cajal b. Brodmann ; Purkinje d. Ramón y Cajal ; Golgi ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 35. The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he a. developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. b. showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physic ally interconnected neuronal units. c. discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. d. demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story

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    OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Understanding 36. The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between a. a blood vessel and surrounding neurons. b. two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain. c. two adjacent neurons . d. an axon and the cell body of a neuron. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 37. Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge a. originates from sensory experience. b. must be experimentally tested. c. must be deduced and justified through reason. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 38. Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge a. must be deduced and justified through reason. b. originates from sensory experience. c. must be experimentally tested. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 39. Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism? a. It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill. b. It was a foundation for the associationist – behaviorist school of psychology. c. It postulates a special role for reas on and induction in human thought. d. It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Understanding 40. Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that a. different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits. b. in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. c. behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus – response relationships. d. internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Analyzing 41. All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT a. new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence. b. a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism. c. Chomsky’s work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition. d. Miller’s work showing that internal processes like short - term memory can be quantified. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story

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    OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Evaluating 42. Thorndike’s law of effect a. stated that much knowledge is innately specified due to natural selection. b. was written to oppose Darwin’s theory of natural selection. c. stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again. d. was written to oppose the behaviorists. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Remembering 43. Empiricism is to ________ as rationalism is to ________. a. Locke and Hume ; Descartes and Kant b. Locke and Descartes ; Hume and Kant c. Descartes and Kant ; Locke and Hume d. Hume and Kant ; Locke and Descartes ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Understanding 44. John Watson famously argued that newborn babies a. are incapable of forming memories. b. have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins. c. can be raised to become anything. d. will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Analyzing 45. According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory a. can be u nderstood by combining different pieces of information. b. are best understood in terms of a stimulus’s emergent properties. c. cannot be measured because they are not behaviors. d. can be measured in an analytic fashion. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Evaluating 46. According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards? a. They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain. b. They help to stamp things into the mind. c. They lead to adaptive learning. d. They are part of the law of effect. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Evaluating 47. “Cells that fire together, wire together” was first proposed by Donald Hebb as an explanation for a. epileptic seizures and their effects. b. associations made by the law of effect. c. the way in which the brain codes new learning. d. amnesia caused by brain damage. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 5 MSC: Understanding

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    48. Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is ________, in contrast to B. F. Skinner’s assertion that languages are ________. a. innate ; learned c. universal ; rational b. learned ; universal d. rational ; innate ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering 49. Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the latter part of the twentieth century? a. Noam Chomsky c. George A. Miller b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Claude Shannon ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering 50. Which of the following people played the LEAST direct role in the development of the electroencephalogram? a. Hans Berger c. Richard Canton b. Willem Einthoven d. Hermann von Helmholtz ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Analyzing 51. You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods could you use? a. listen to the blood flow across veins b. look at red blood cells under a microscope c. measure the amount of iron in the blood d. none of the above ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Applying 52. Computer axial tomography is to MRI as ________ is to ________. a. x - ray ; radio frequencies c. blood oxygenation ; x - ray b. structure ; function d. radiation ; dipoles ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Analyzing 53. Which of the following methods measures the BOLD signal? a. magnetic resonance imaging b. functional Magnetic resonance imaging c. computerized axial tomography d. electroencephalogram ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Understanding SHORT ANSWER 1. Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.

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    ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 2. Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Understanding 3. Describe the main tenets of the Neuron Doctrine. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 4. Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make what claims about the brain? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 5. A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are independent or integrated. Which of these two viewpoints is most valid? Present evidence to support your view. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain Story OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Evaluating 6. Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 7. Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology. ANS: Answers will vary

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    DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Understanding 8. Why is Noam Chomsky seen as having a major influence on cognitive psychology? ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Medium REF: The Psychological Story OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 9. Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Remembering 10. Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: A Historical Perspective OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 11. You would like to understand at what point in time an event took place in the brain. What neuroimaging method would you choose? Explain why you would choose this method and what information you would be missing. ANS: Answers will vary DIF: Easy REF: Instruments of Neuroscience OBJ: LO 7 MSC: Understanding

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    Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Understand the structure of neurons and synapses 2. Explain the role of ion channels in changing neuronal membrane potential 3. Describe the impact of depolarization on the resting potential, and on the likelihood of subsequent action potentials 4. Describe the influence of myelin and voltage-gated ion channels on action potentials 5. Understand electrical and chemical transmission at the synapse, including the use and removal of neurotransmitters after binding 6. Explain the roles of different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and microglial cells 7. Define and recognize differences between the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, cerebral cortex, gray and white matter, and corpus callosum 8. Understand the functions of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum 9. Understand the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland 10. Understand the functions of the limbic system and basal ganglia 11. Define and describe anatomical structures and principles that include gyri, sulci, Brodmann areas, lobes, topography, and association cortices 12. Explain the developmental process of the nervous system and the mechanisms behind neurogenesis 1. The two main classes of cell in the nervous system are a. dendrites and axons. c. neurons and glial cells. b. axons and neurons. d. glial cells and dendrites. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Structure of Neurons OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 2. In the nervous system, these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons. a. glia c. mitochondria b. dendrites d. Purkinje cells ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Structure of Neurons OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 3. Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. ________ receive inputs from other neurons, while ________ send information to other neurons. a. synapses ; glia c. glia ; synapses

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    b. axons ; dendrites d. dendrites ; axons ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Structure of Neurons OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 4. Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually ________. Between neurons, the transmission of information is usually ________. a. chemical ; chemical c. electrical ; chemical b. electrical ; electrical d. chemical ; electrical ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Structure of Neurons OBJ: LO 1 MSC: Remembering 5. The ________, which is comprised of astrocytes, protects the brain from chemical compounds circulating in the body that might otherwise interfere with neuronal activity. a. sodium – potassium pump c. myelin sheath b. blood – brain barrier d. lipid bilayer ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Glial Cells OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering 6. Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication by a. destroying receptors on postsynaptic cells so that neurotransmitters cannot bind normally. b. creating lesions in the blood – brain barrier that allow toxic substanc es to enter the brain from the bloodstream. c. causing deterioration of the fatty substance that normally coats and insulates axons. d. diminishing the activity of the sodium – potassium pumps that usually maintain the resting potential of neurons. ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 7. Which of the following cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system? a. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes b. microglia d. Schwann cells ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Glial Cells OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering 8. Which of the following cells devour and remove damaged brain cells? a. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes b. microglia d. Schwann cells ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Role of Glial Cells OBJ: LO 6 MSC: Remembering 9. If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron, you would be able to demonstrate that a. the region inside the cell membrane contains more positive ions than the region outside the membrane. b. the region inside the cell membrane contains more negative ions than the region outside the membrane. c. there is a greater concentration of potassium ions outside the cell membrane than inside the membrane. d. there is a greater concentration of potassi um ions inside the cell membrane than outside the membrane.

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    ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 1 | LO 2 MSC: Applying 10. The nodes of Ranvier are a. vesicles of neurotransmitters, stored in presynaptic neurons. b. points along axons where sodium – potassium pumps are found. c. vesicles of calcium ions, stored in postsynaptic neurons. d. points along axons that are not surrounded by myelin. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 11. The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross it is referred to as a. the concentration gradient. c. the action potential. b. permeability. d. conductivity. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Remembering 12. If you inserted a micropipette into a neuron without harming the cell, and pumped in a small quantity of calcium ions, each of which carried two positive charges, how would this affect the membrane potential? a. The membrane potential would become depolarized relative to the resting potential. b. The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized relative to the resting potential. c. There would be no change because calcium does not contribute to the resting pot ential. d. There would be no change because the sodium – potassium pump would remove excess calcium from the cell. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 2 | LO 3 | LO 4 MSC: Applying 13. Ouabain is a toxin that works by permanently inhibiting the activity of sodium–potassium pumps embedded in neuronal membranes. How would ouabain administration affect the resting potential of a neuron? a. The magnitude of the resting potential would shift toward zero. b. The resting potential would hyperpolarize toward a more negative value. c. The resting potential would reverse to a positive, rather than a negative, value. d. Application of ouabain would not affect the resting potential. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 2 MSC: Applying 14. The term concentration gradient refers to a difference in the a. number of two different ion types within the neuron. b. number of ions found on opposite sides of the cell membrane. c. permeability of the membrane to one kind of ion compared to another. d. permeability of the membrane at rest compared to during an action potential. ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 1 | LO 2 MSC: Remembering 15. At the resting state, a higher concentration of ________ is found outside a neuron and a higher concentration of ________ is found inside a neuron. a. K + ; Na + c. dopamine ; serotonin b. Na + ; K + d. serotonin ; dopamine

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    ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 1 | LO 2 MSC: Remembering 16. The value of the membrane potential to which an axon must be depolarized to initiate an action potential is called the ________ potential for that neuron. a. graded c. threshold b. resting d. refractory ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 3 MSC: Remembering 17. The poison tetraethylammonium (TEA) interferes with normal neural communication. The toxin binds to and blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the effects of TEA on the action potential? a. The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur. b. The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked. c. The refractory period of the action potential is shortened. d. The action potential fails to be regenerated at the nodes of Ranvier. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Applying 18. The Hodgkin–Huxley cycle describes how the depolarization of the membrane causes voltage-gated sodium channels to ________, allowing ________ sodium ions to enter the cell. This change in sodium concentration then causes ________ of the cell. a. close ; fewer ; furthe r depolarization c. open ; more ; further depolarization b. close ; fewer ; repolarization d. open ; more ; repolarization ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 2 | LO 3 | LO 4 MSC: Understanding 19. The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials, and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period, is that the a. voltage - gated sodium channels are inactivated. b. voltage - gated potassium channels ar e inactivated. c. sodium – potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell. d. sodium – potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Remembering 20. In myelinated axons, action potentials are generated a. at the nodes of Ranvier only. b. along the entire length of the axons. c. underneath the myelinated portions of the axons only. d. only at the axon hillocks and axon terminals. ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Neuronal Signaling OBJ: LO 4 MSC: Understanding 21. The term saltatory conduction refers to the fact that a. action potentials travel faster when extracellular salt concentration is high. b. action potentials evoked by strong stimuli travel faster than those evoked by weaker stimuli. c. action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier of axons.

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