Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 4th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive NeuroscienceMULTIPLE CHOICELEARNING OBJECTIVES1. Explain the origins of the field of cognitive neuroscience2. Describe the roots of the debate over localization of function3. Explain the ways in which brain structure was studied4. Understand the philosophical origins of cognitive psychology5. Discuss behaviorism and its principal tenets6. Explain how and why cognitive psychology came to the forefront of psychological fields7. Identify the different methods that are used to measure brain function and structure1.The case of Anne Green was remarkable in that after being falsely convicted of murdering hernewborn child,a.she survived an attempted electrocution.b.she escaped and later married Thomas Willis, a famous neurologist.c.she survived an attempted hanging.d.she escaped and later became a famous neurologist.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:Historical PerspectiveOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering2.Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren alsoa.created very accurate drawings of the brain.b.came up with the names of a number of brain structures.c.took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience.d.all of the above.ANS:DDIF:MediumREF:Historical PerspectiveOBJ:LO 1MSC: Understanding3.Which of the following is NOT one of the principal reasons that Willis is considered one of the earlyfigures in cognitive neuroscience?a.he named many brain parts.b.he dissected the brains of criminals within 21 miles of Oxford.c.he was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage.d.he created very accurate brain images.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:Historical PerspectiveOBJ:LO 1MSC: Evaluating4.A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilitiesa.can be localized to particular parts of the brain.b.are determined by the shape and size of the human skull.c.are best studied using introspection or the scientific method.d.can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.

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ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Understanding5.The discipline of phrenology was founded bya.Broca and Wernicke.c.Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington.b.Fritsch and Hitzig.d.Gall and Spurzheim.ANS:DDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering6.Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about anindividual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumptionthata.skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneaththem, which are responsible for different specific functions.b.certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter theshape of the skull in specific ways.c.life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certaintraits, such as aggressiveness.d.the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of thesoft brainareas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions.ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Evaluating7.Localizationist is to ________ as holistic is to ________.a.Wernicke ; Gallc.Flourens ;Brocab.Gall ; Flourensd.Broca ; WernickeANS:BDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Understanding8.Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed becausea.he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed.b.he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics.c.he ought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed.d.he used his own skull as the base model.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering9.The view known asaggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior,is most associated witha.Broca.c.Brodmann.b.Hughlings Jackson.d.Flourens.ANS:DDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering10.Willis is to ________ as ________ is to Broca.a.Flourens ; Spurzheim.c.Gall ; Dax.b.Spurzheim ; Flourens.d.Dax ; Gall.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Analyzing

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11.In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was thata.he did not seek disconfirming evidence.b.he was not a scientist.c.his method was correlational.d.all of the above.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Analyzing12.Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him?a.You are a domineering person.b.Your father was a very domineering person.c.Your brother is a domineering person.d.Your mother was a very domineering person.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Applying13.The view developed by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language andmemory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known asa.the neuron doctrine.c.rationalism.b.aggregate field theory.d.the law of effect.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering14.John Hughlings Jackson proposed a ________organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his workwith people with ________.a.holistic ; aphasiac.topographic ; epilepsyb.topographic ; aphasiad.holistic ; epilepsyANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Understanding15.________ was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can belocalized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in agiven behavior.a.Brocac.Flourensb.Hughlings Jacksond.BrodmannANS:BDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering16.Which nineteenth-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speechproduction?a.Flourensc.Brocab.Wernicked.BrodmannANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering17.Paul Broca’s first patient Leborgne was able to produce which of the following words?a.mercic.troisb.tand.ParisANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Brain Story

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OBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering18.Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied byPaul Broca, compared to before his stroke?a.listening to a piano recitalc.reading a book aloudb.appreciating a paintingd.playing a game of cardsANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Applying19.Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual describedby Carl Wernicke, compared to before his stroke?a.understanding a speechc.singing a songb.painting a pictured.riding a horseANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Applying20.Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the ________ contributes to languagecomprehension.a.right frontotemporal areac.right temporoparietal areab.left frontotemporal aread.left temporoparietal areaANS:DDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Applying21.Wernicke is to ________ as Broca is to ________.a.understanding speech ; speakingb.speaking ; understanding speechc.aggregate field theory ; topographic organizationd.aggregate field theory ; aggregate field theoryANS:ADIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering22.As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have moredifficulty with ________, whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend tohave more difficulty with ________.a.fine motor control ; the sense of touchb.the sense of touch ; fine motor controlc.the production of language ; the perception of languaged.the perception of language ; the production of languageANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering23.One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that areresponsible for them developed rather slowly before the twentieth century is thata.most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions.b.investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until thetwentieth century.c.most early investigators focused on studying the brain–behavior relationship in animalsrather than in humans.d.there was little interest in this field until the twentieth century.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain Story

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OBJ:LO 3MSC: Understanding24.Korbinian Brodmann used ________ techniques to document fifty-two regions of the brain thatdiffered in ________.a.phrenological ; cytoarchitectonicsc.tissue staining ; cytoarchitectonicsb.phrenological ; chronometricsd.tissue staining ; chronometricsANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering25.Which of the following individuals was NOT associated with a major histological discovery inneuroscience?a.Edward L. Thorndikec.Camillo Golgib.Korbinian Brodmannd.Jan Evangelista PurkinjeANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Understanding26.Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized todiscrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. Morespecifically, they founda.a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specificmovements.b.a systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specificvocalizations.c.no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specificmovements.d.no systematic relationship between the portion of cortex stimulated and specificvocalizations.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Understanding27.Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions bya.the structure of their surface convolutions.b.their structure at the cellular level.c.the complex functions they perform.d.the basic functions they perform.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering28.Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have differentfunctions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early twentieth century?a.look at a CAT scanb.observe the tracts that connect each layerc.look at patients with damage to those cellsd.look at the layers under a microscopeANS:DDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Applying29.The neuroanatomist who described fifty-two distinct cortical areas based on cell structure andarrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, wasa.Purkinje.c.Brodmann.

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b.Helmholtz.d.Hyde.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering30.Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a commoncytoplasm?a.synapsec.striatumb.syncytiumd.claustrumANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering31.La reazione nera, or “the black reaction,” refers toa.a cell stain developed by Golgi.b.a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists.c.a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki.d.a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists.ANS:ADIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering32.Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the nineteenth century?a.Paul Brocac.Gustav Theodor Fritschb.Sir Charles Sherringtond.Santiago Ramón y CajalANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering33.Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”?a.The nervous systemconsists of a fused network of interconnected fibers.b.The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yetfunctionally interactive.c.The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive.d.The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules.ANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Understanding34.The neuron doctrine is usually credited to ________, who used a staining technique pioneered by________.a.Purkinje ; Brodmannc.Golgi ; Ramón y Cajalb.Brodmann ; Purkinjed.Ramón y Cajal ; GolgiANS:DDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering35.The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that hea.developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons.b.showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physicallyinterconnected neuronal units.c.discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size.d.demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearbymuscle cells.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Brain Story

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OBJ:LO 3MSC: Understanding36.The termsynapse,coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction betweena.a blood vessel and surrounding neurons.b.two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain.c.two adjacent neurons.d.an axon and the cell body of a neuron.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering37.Rationalismis the philosophical position that knowledgea.originates from sensory experience.b.must be experimentally tested.c.must be deduced and justified through reason.d.is globally distributed in the cortex.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering38.Empiricismis the philosophical position that all knowledgea.must be deduced and justified through reason.b.originates from sensory experience.c.must be experimentally tested.d.is globally distributed in the cortex.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering39.Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?a.It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill.b.It was a foundation for the associationist–behaviorist school of psychology.c.It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought.d.It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge.ANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Understanding40.Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first todemonstrate thata.different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits.b.in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum ofits parts.c.behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus–response relationships.d.internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Analyzing41.All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the secondhalf of the 20th century EXCEPTa.new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence.b.a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism.c.Chomsky’s work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition.d.Miller’s work showing that internal processes like short-term memory can be quantified.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:The Psychological Story

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OBJ:LO 4MSC: Evaluating42.Thorndike’s law of effecta.stated that much knowledge is innately specified due to natural selection.b.was written to oppose Darwin’s theory of natural selection.c.stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again.d.was written to oppose the behaviorists.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Remembering43.Empiricism is to ________ as rationalism is to ________.a.Locke and Hume ; Descartes and Kantb.Locke and Descartes ; Hume and Kantc.Descartes and Kant ; Locke and Humed.Hume and Kant ; Locke and DescartesANS:ADIF:MediumREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Understanding44.John Watson famously argued that newborn babiesa.are incapable of forming memories.b.have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins.c.can be raised to become anything.d.will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences.ANS:CDIF:DifficultREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Analyzing45.According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memorya.can be understood by combining different pieces of information.b.are best understood in terms of a stimulus’s emergent properties.c.cannot be measured because they are not behaviors.d.can be measured in an analytic fashion.ANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Evaluating46.According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards?a.They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain.b.They help to stamp things into the mind.c.They lead to adaptive learning.d.They are part of the law of effect.ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Evaluating47.“Cells that fire together, wire together” was first proposed by Donald Hebb as an explanation fora.epileptic seizures and their effects.b.associations made by the law of effect.c.the way in which the brain codes new learning.d.amnesia caused by brain damage.ANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 5MSC: Understanding

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48.Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is ________, in contrast to B. F.Skinner’s assertion that languages are ________.a.innate ; learnedc.universal ; rationalb.learned ; universald.rational ; innateANS:ADIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 6MSC: Remembering49.Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in thelatter part of the twentieth century?a.Noam Chomskyc.George A. Millerb.Sir Charles Sherringtond.Claude ShannonANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 6MSC: Remembering50.Which of the following people played the LEAST direct role in the development of theelectroencephalogram?a.Hans Bergerc.Richard Cantonb.Willem Einthovend.Hermann von HelmholtzANS:DDIF:DifficultREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: Analyzing51.You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods couldyou use?a.listen to the blood flow across veinsb.look at red blood cells under a microscopec.measure the amount of iron in the bloodd.none of the aboveANS:DDIF:MediumREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: Applying52.Computer axial tomography is to MRI as ________ is to ________.a.x-ray ; radio frequenciesc.blood oxygenation ; x-rayb.structure ; functiond.radiation ; dipolesANS:CDIF:MediumREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: Analyzing53.Which of the following methods measures the BOLD signal?a.magnetic resonance imagingb.functional Magnetic resonance imagingc.computerized axial tomographyd.electroencephalogramANS:BDIF:MediumREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: UnderstandingSHORT ANSWER1.Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specificareas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims.

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ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering2.Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:MediumREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Understanding3.Describe the main tenets of the Neuron Doctrine.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering4.Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, an early neuroscientist, is believed to have been the first to make whatclaims about the brain?ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering5.A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are independentor integrated. Which of these two viewpoints is most valid? Present evidence to support your view.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:DifficultREF:The Brain StoryOBJ:LO 2MSC: Evaluating6.Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think bestdescribes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:MediumREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering7.Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology.ANS:Answers will vary

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DIF:EasyREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Understanding8.Why is Noam Chomsky seen as having a major influence on cognitive psychology?ANS:Answers will varyDIF:MediumREF:The Psychological StoryOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering9.Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: Remembering10.Describe how and why the termcognitive neurosciencewas chosen for this field. Be sure to mentionthe two fields that combined to create this new field of study.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:A Historical PerspectiveOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering11.You would like to understand at what point in time an event took place in the brain. Whatneuroimaging method would you choose? Explain why you would choose this method and whatinformation you would be missing.ANS:Answers will varyDIF:EasyREF:Instruments of NeuroscienceOBJ:LO 7MSC: Understanding

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Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous SystemMULTIPLE CHOICELEARNING OUTCOMES1.Understand the structure of neurons and synapses2.Explain the role of ion channels in changing neuronal membrane potential3.Describe the impact of depolarization on the resting potential, and on the likelihood of subsequentaction potentials4.Describe the influence of myelin and voltage-gated ion channels on action potentials5.Understand electrical and chemical transmission at the synapse, including the use and removal ofneurotransmitters after binding6.Explain the roles of different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwanncells, and microglial cells7.Define and recognize differences between the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system,sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, cerebral cortex, gray and white matter, and corpuscallosum8.Understand the functions of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum9.Understand the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland10. Understand the functions of the limbic system and basal ganglia11. Define and describe anatomical structures and principles that include gyri, sulci, Brodmann areas,lobes, topography, and association cortices12. Explain the developmental process of the nervous system and the mechanisms behind neurogenesis1.The two main classes of cell in the nervous system area.dendrites and axons.c.neurons and glial cells.b.axons and neurons.d.glial cells and dendrites.ANS:CDIF:EasyREF:The Structure of NeuronsOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering2.In the nervous system, these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons.a.gliac.mitochondriab.dendritesd.Purkinje cellsANS:ADIF:EasyREF:The Structure of NeuronsOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering3.Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. ________ receive inputs fromother neurons, while ________ send information to other neurons.a.synapses ; gliac.glia ; synapses

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b.axons ; dendritesd.dendrites ; axonsANS:DDIF:EasyREF:The Structure of NeuronsOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering4.Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually ________. Between neurons, thetransmission of information is usually ________.a.chemical ; chemicalc.electrical ; chemicalb.electrical ; electricald.chemical ; electricalANS:CDIF:MediumREF:The Structure of NeuronsOBJ:LO 1MSC: Remembering5.The ________, which is comprised of astrocytes, protects the brain from chemical compoundscirculating in the body that might otherwise interfere with neuronal activity.a.sodium–potassium pumpc.myelin sheathb.blood–brain barrierd.lipid bilayerANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Role of Glial CellsOBJ:LO 6MSC: Remembering6.Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communication bya.destroying receptors on postsynaptic cells so that neurotransmitters cannot bind normally.b.creating lesions in the blood–brain barrier that allow toxic substances to enter the brainfrom the bloodstream.c.causing deterioration of the fatty substance that normally coats and insulates axons.d.diminishing the activity of the sodium–potassium pumps that usually maintain the restingpotential of neurons.ANS:CDIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering7.Which of the following cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system?a.astrocytesc.oligodendrocytesb.microgliad.Schwann cellsANS:DDIF:EasyREF:The Role of Glial CellsOBJ:LO 6MSC: Remembering8.Which of the following cells devour and remove damaged brain cells?a.astrocytesc.oligodendrocytesb.microgliad.Schwann cellsANS:BDIF:EasyREF:The Role of Glial CellsOBJ:LO 6MSC: Remembering9.If you were to insert a microelectrode through the cell membrane of a neuron, you would be able todemonstrate thata.the region inside the cell membrane contains more positive ions than the region outside themembrane.b.the region inside the cell membrane contains more negative ions than the region outsidethe membrane.c.there is a greater concentration of potassium ions outside the cell membrane than insidethe membrane.d.there is a greater concentration of potassium ions inside the cell membrane than outsidethe membrane.

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ANS:BDIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 1 | LO 2MSC: Applying10.The nodes of Ranvier area.vesicles of neurotransmitters, stored in presynaptic neurons.b.points along axons where sodium–potassium pumps are found.c.vesicles of calcium ions, stored in postsynaptic neurons.d.points along axons that are not surrounded by myelin.ANS:DDIF:EasyREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering11.The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross it is referred to asa.the concentration gradient.c.the action potential.b.permeability.d.conductivity.ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 2MSC: Remembering12.If you inserted a micropipette into a neuron without harming the cell, and pumped in a small quantityof calcium ions, each of which carried two positive charges, how would this affect the membranepotential?a.The membrane potential would become depolarized relative to the resting potential.b.The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized relative to the resting potential.c.There would be no change because calcium does not contribute to the resting potential.d.There would be no change because the sodium–potassium pump would remove excesscalcium from the cell.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 2 | LO 3 | LO 4MSC: Applying13.Ouabain is a toxin that works by permanently inhibiting the activity of sodium–potassium pumpsembedded in neuronal membranes. How would ouabain administration affect the resting potential of aneuron?a.The magnitude of the resting potential would shifttoward zero.b.The resting potential would hyperpolarize toward a more negative value.c.The resting potential would reverse to a positive, rather than a negative, value.d.Application of ouabain would not affect the resting potential.ANS:ADIF:DifficultREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 2MSC: Applying14.The termconcentration gradientrefers to a difference in thea.number of two different ion types within the neuron.b.number of ions found on opposite sides of the cell membrane.c.permeability of the membrane to one kind of ion compared to another.d.permeability of the membrane at rest compared to during an action potential.ANS:BDIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 1 | LO 2MSC: Remembering15.At the resting state, a higher concentration of ________ is found outside a neuron and a higherconcentration of ________ is found inside a neuron.a.K+; Na+c.dopamine ; serotoninb.Na+; K+d.serotonin ; dopamine

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ANS:BDIF:EasyREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 1 | LO 2MSC: Remembering16.The value of the membrane potential to which an axon must be depolarized to initiate an actionpotential is called the ________ potential for that neuron.a.gradedc.thresholdb.restingd.refractoryANS:CDIF:EasyREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 3MSC: Remembering17.The poison tetraethylammonium (TEA) interferes with normal neural communication. The toxin bindsto and blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane. Which of the followingbest describes the effects of TEA on the action potential?a.The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur.b.The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked.c.The refractory period of the action potential is shortened.d.The action potential fails to be regenerated at the nodes of Ranvier.ANS:BDIF:DifficultREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 4MSC: Applying18.The Hodgkin–Huxley cycle describes how the depolarization of the membrane causes voltage-gatedsodium channels to ________, allowing ________ sodium ions to enter the cell. This change insodium concentration then causes ________ of the cell.a.close ; fewer ; further depolarizationc.open ; more ; further depolarizationb.close ; fewer ; repolarizationd.open ; more ; repolarizationANS:CDIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 2 | LO 3 | LO 4MSC: Understanding19.The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials, and thereason underlying the absolute refractory period, is that thea.voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated.b.voltage-gated potassium channels are inactivated.c.sodium–potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell.d.sodium–potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell.ANS:ADIF:EasyREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 4MSC: Remembering20.In myelinated axons, action potentials are generateda.at the nodes of Ranvier only.b.along the entire length of the axons.c.underneath the myelinated portions of the axons only.d.only at the axon hillocks and axon terminals.ANS:ADIF:MediumREF:Neuronal SignalingOBJ:LO 4MSC: Understanding21.The termsaltatory conductionrefers to the fact thata.action potentials travel faster when extracellular salt concentration is high.b.action potentials evoked by strong stimuli travel faster than those evoked by weakerstimuli.c.action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier of axons.

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