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Diseases and Disorders

A lab-based exploration of various diseases and disorders, focusing on their causes and effects.

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    BIO112 Diseases and Disorders Name: Date: Instructor’s Name: Assignment: BIO112 Phase 5 Lab Report TITLE: Diseases and Disorders INSTRUCTIONS: Enter the Virtual Lab , and examine the areas of the heart. Then, proceed to examine test results for each patient. Please type your answers. When your lab report is complete, e - mail this document to your instructor. Part I : Examine the human heart , and a nswer the following questions . 1. What do the coronary arteries supply blood to? The coronary arteries deliver blood to the heart muscle, providing a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients needed for it to stay healthy and function normally. 2. Name 2 risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Two risk factors of CAD are High blood pressure and overweight and obesity. 3. What is happening during a myocardial infarction (MI) ? When you are having an MI it means a heart attack. Part II: Examine each patient’s results , and answer the following questions. R ecord the patient’s lab values for use in your lab report in the following table: Patient Age Height Weight Blood Pressure Blood Sugar Cholesterol / Triglycerides Steven 53 6’ 245 140/90 mm/hg 130mg/dL 195/30/520 mg/dL Elijah 34 5’1 100 90/50 mm/hg 105 mg/dL 130/35/185 mg/dL Betty 21 5’3 120 110/75 mm/Hg 80 mg/dL 90/65/90 mg/dL Patient 1: Steven

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    4. Based on the image o f Steven’s arteries, what can you determine about his health? Are there indications of a particular risk? Explain your conclusions. Based on the lab results provided for Steven, we can observe several factors that indicate a potential health risk, particularly for cardiovascular conditions. Let's break down the important elements of Steven's health data: 1. Blood Pressure : o Steven’s blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg , which is considered high. This falls within the range of stage 1 hypertension . High blood pressure is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and other cardiovascular issues, such as heart attack and stroke. 2. Blood Sugar : o Steven’s blood sugar level is 130 mg/dL , which is on the higher side. It is above the normal fasting blood sugar range of 70 - 99 mg/dL, indicating potential pre - diabetes or insulin resistance. Chronic high blood sugar can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other complications. 3. Cholesterol/Triglycerides : o Steven’s cholesterol values are 195 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 30 mg/dL for HDL (the “good” cholesterol), and 520 mg/dL for triglycerides. o A total cholesterol of 195 mg/dL is within a generally acceptable range, but the triglycerides are extremely high (normal is typically below 150 mg/dL). Elevated triglycerides can contribute to the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease. o A low HDL (30 mg/dL) is concerning, as HDL is protective against heart disease. Having low HDL increases the likelihood of plaque buildup in the arteries. Conclusion : Steven's high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels (especially high triglycerides and low HDL) indicate a high risk for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, or even a heart attack. The high triglycerides and blood pressure in particular, combined with his age and weight, suggest that Steven should seek medical advice to manage these risk factors and possibly undergo further testing to assess the health of his arteries. Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and medication may be recommended to help lower his cardiovascular risk. 5. Which of his lab values next to his image results would help indicate this risk? Explain. The lab values next to Steven’s image results that help indicate his risk for cardiovascular issues, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), are the following: 1. Blood Pressure: 140/90 mmHg (Stage 1 Hypertension) : o Why it indicates risk : High blood pressure is one of the most significant risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg is considered elevated and falls under stage 1 hypertension , which can damage blood vessels over time. This damage can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart and increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke.

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    2. Blood Sugar: 130 mg/dL : o Why it indicates risk : A blood sugar level of 130 mg/dL is elevated, suggesting pre - diabetes or potential insulin resistance. Elevated blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of CAD. Over time, chronic high blood sugar can also contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which significantly increases the risk of heart disease. 3. Cholesterol/Triglycerides : o Total Cholesterol: 195 mg/dL (within an acceptable range) o HDL (Good Cholesterol): 30 mg/dL (low) o Triglycerides: 520 mg/dL (extremely high) o Why they indicate risk : ▪ Low HDL (30 mg/dL) : HDL is considered "good" cholesterol because it helps remove bad cholesterol (LDL) from the bloodstream. A low HDL level increases the risk of CAD because there is less protection against plaque buildup in the arteries. ▪ High Triglycerides (520 mg/dL) : Normal triglyceride levels are below 150 mg/dL . Steven’s triglyceride level is alarmingly high at 520 mg/dL. High triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries), which can lead to heart disease. Explanation : Steven’s blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and lipid profile (with low HDL and extremely high triglycerides) are all red flags that point to an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). These values are consistent with metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases. Addressing these values through lifestyle changes (e.g., exercise, diet) and medical intervention can help reduce Steven’s cardiovascular risk. 6. What did the final image of Steven indicate? This image is an X - ray of his lungs. The final image of Steven, which is an X - ray of his lungs, can provide important information about his overall health and any potential complications related to his cardiovascular system. While an X - ray of the lungs primarily focuses on respiratory issues, it can also reveal signs that may be related to heart problems, particularly if there is heart failure or fluid buildup in the lungs. Key indicators that might be visible on a lung X - ray related to Steven's cardiovascular health: 1. Signs of Heart Failure (Pulmonary Edema) : o What it looks like : Fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema) could be visible on the X - ray as white or hazy spots, especially in the lower portions of the lungs. Pulmonary edema often occurs when the heart is not pumping blood effectively, causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

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