Diseases and Disorders

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BIO112Diseases and DisordersName:Date:Instructor’s Name:Assignment:BIO112Phase5LabReportTITLE:Diseases and DisordersINSTRUCTIONS: Enter the Virtual Lab,andexamine theareas of theheart. Then,proceed to examine test results for each patient.Please type your answers. When your labreport is complete, e-mail this document to your instructor.PartI:Examine the human heart,and answer the following questions.1.What do the coronary arteries supply blood to?The coronary arteries deliver blood to the heart muscle, providing a continuous supply ofoxygen and nutrients needed for it to stay healthy and function normally.2.Name 2 risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD).Two risk factors of CADareHigh blood pressure and overweight and obesity.3.What is happeningduring a myocardial infarction(MI)?When you arehavingan MI itmeansa heart attack.Part II:Examine each patient’s results,and answer the following questions.Record thepatient’s lab values for use in your lab reportin the following table:PatientAgeHeightWeightBloodPressureBloodSugarCholesterol /TriglyceridesSteven536’245140/90mm/hg130mg/dL195/30/520mg/dLElijah345’110090/50mm/hg105mg/dL130/35/185mg/dLBetty215’3120110/75mm/Hg80 mg/dL90/65/90mg/dLPatient 1:Steven

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4.Based on the image ofSteven’s arteries, what can you determine about his health? Arethere indications of a particular risk? Explain your conclusions.Based on the lab results provided for Steven, we can observe several factors that indicate apotential health risk, particularly for cardiovascular conditions. Let's break down the importantelements of Steven's health data:1.Blood Pressure:oSteven’s blood pressure is140/90 mmHg, which is considered high. This fallswithin the range ofstage 1 hypertension. High blood pressure is a major riskfactor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and other cardiovascular issues, such asheart attack and stroke.2.Blood Sugar:oSteven’sblood sugarlevel is130 mg/dL, which is on the higher side. It is abovethe normal fasting blood sugar range of 70-99 mg/dL, indicating potentialpre-diabetesor insulin resistance. Chronic high blood sugar can increase the risk ofdeveloping type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other complications.3.Cholesterol/Triglycerides:oSteven’s cholesterol values are195 mg/dLfor total cholesterol,30 mg/dLforHDL (the “good” cholesterol), and520 mg/dLfor triglycerides.oAtotal cholesterol of 195 mg/dLis within a generally acceptable range, but thetriglyceridesareextremely high(normal is typically below 150 mg/dL).Elevated triglycerides can contribute to the formation of fatty plaques in thearteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.oAlow HDL (30 mg/dL)is concerning, as HDL is protective against heartdisease. Having low HDL increases the likelihood of plaque buildup in thearteries.Conclusion: Steven's high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels(especially high triglycerides and low HDL) indicate ahigh risk for cardiovascular diseasessuch as coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, or even a heart attack. The hightriglycerides and blood pressure in particular, combined with his age and weight, suggest thatSteven should seek medical advice to manage these risk factors and possibly undergo furthertesting to assess the health of his arteries. Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and medication maybe recommended to help lower his cardiovascular risk.5.Which of his lab values next to his image results would help indicate this risk? Explain.The lab values next to Steven’s image results that help indicate his risk for cardiovascular issues,particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), are the following:1.Blood Pressure: 140/90 mmHg (Stage 1 Hypertension):oWhy it indicates risk: High blood pressure is one of the most significant riskfactors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg isconsidered elevated and falls understage 1 hypertension, which can damageblood vessels over time. This damage can contribute to plaque buildup in thearteries (atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart and increasing the riskof a heart attack or stroke.

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2.Blood Sugar: 130 mg/dL:oWhy it indicates risk: A blood sugar level of130 mg/dLis elevated, suggestingpre-diabetesor potential insulin resistance. Elevated blood sugar levels candamage blood vessels and increase the risk of CAD. Over time, chronic highblood sugar can also contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, whichsignificantly increases the risk of heart disease.3.Cholesterol/Triglycerides:oTotal Cholesterol: 195 mg/dL(within an acceptable range)oHDL (Good Cholesterol): 30 mg/dL(low)oTriglycerides: 520 mg/dL(extremely high)oWhy they indicate risk:▪Low HDL (30 mg/dL): HDL is considered "good" cholesterol because ithelps remove bad cholesterol (LDL) from the bloodstream. A low HDLlevel increases the risk of CAD because there is less protection againstplaque buildup in the arteries.▪High Triglycerides (520 mg/dL): Normal triglyceride levels are below150 mg/dL. Steven’striglyceride level is alarmingly highat 520 mg/dL.High triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis(plaque buildup in the arteries), which can lead to heart disease.Explanation: Steven’s blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and lipid profile (with low HDLand extremely high triglycerides) are all red flags that point to an increased risk of coronaryartery disease (CAD). These values are consistent with metabolic syndrome, which is a cluster ofrisk factors that increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases. Addressing thesevalues through lifestyle changes (e.g., exercise, diet) and medical intervention can help reduceSteven’s cardiovascular risk.6.What did the final image of Steven indicate?This image is an X-ray of his lungs.The final image of Steven, which is an X-ray of his lungs, can provide importantinformation about his overall health and any potential complications related to hiscardiovascular system. While an X-ray of the lungs primarily focuses on respiratoryissues, it can also reveal signs that may be related to heart problems, particularly if thereis heart failure or fluid buildup in the lungs.Key indicators that might be visible on a lung X-ray related to Steven'scardiovascular health:1.Signs of Heart Failure (Pulmonary Edema):oWhat it looks like: Fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema) could bevisible on the X-ray as white or hazy spots, especially in the lower portions of thelungs. Pulmonary edema often occurs when the heart is not pumping bloodeffectively, causing fluid to back up into the lungs.

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