Exploring Biological Energy Processes: Thermodynamics, Enzymes,Cellular Respiration, and PhotosynthesisChapter 8Thermodynamics, enzymes, and ATP1. Definitions of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics:•First Law of Thermodynamics: Energycannot be created or destroyed, onlytransformed from one form to another. Total energy in the universe remainsconstant.•Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy (disorder) of an isolatedsystem tends to increase over time. In simpler terms, systems naturallyprogress toward disorder or randomness.2. Why Cells and Organisms are Considered Open Systems:•Cells and organisms are open systems because they exchangeenergyandmatterwith their surroundings. They take in nutrients and expel waste, andrequire energy from the environment (like sunlight or food) to maintain theirstructure and function.3. Definition of Energy and Its Units:•Energy: The capacity to do work or produce change. It exists in variousforms such as chemical, kinetic, and potential energy.•Units of Energy: In biological systems, energy is often measured inkilocalories (kcal)orkilojoules (kJ). TheJoule (J)is the standard SI unit.4. Definitions of Entropy (S), Free Energy (G), and Free Energy Change (ΔG):•Entropy (S): A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.•Free Energy (G): The energy available to do work in a system at constanttemperature and pressure.Preview Mode
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