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Fundamentals of Cellular Energy and Metabolism: Processes, Pathways, and Principles

This document covers the fundamentals of cellular energy and metabolism, likely discussing biochemical pathways and principles.

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    Fundamentals of Cellular Energy and Metabolism: Processes, Pathways, and Principles biosynthesis the building up of biomolecules or biological structures within a living cell; a process that requries energy energy of concentration the work of moving molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, that is, moving them from where they are less concentrated to where they are already more concentrated electrical potential a difference in charge across a membrane based on a difference in the concentration of positive and/or negative ions across the membrane Cathedrals and cells both require energy for their construction Energy is the ability to make specific change occur within a cell Energy is needed within cells for biosynthesis, movement, concentration of substances, generation of electrical potentials, and heat The generation of cellular energy is a unified process across the living world Energy the ability to make specific changes occur Energy is freely convertible from one form to another, but energy can never be created or destroyed in normal process In all energy conversions in living systems, someo f the energy given off fails to be conserved as useful energy. it is lost as heat Energy flows from the sun into the chemical reaction pathways of living things and ends up as heat

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    chemical reaction a process in which bonds are broken in one kind ofmolecule (the reactant) and new bonds are formed to produce a product; energy change accompanies any chemical reaction reactant an initial substance that absorbs energy and enters into a chemical reaction in which it is changed in structure product a substance that is formed during a chemical reaction exergonic descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy is given off; a spontaneous reaction endergonic descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy must be added in order to get the reaction to take place In chemical reactions, energy changes occur when covalent bonds in reactant molecules are broken and new bonds in product molecules are formed If more energy is required to break old bonds than is given off when new bonds form, the reaction is endergonic If less energy is required to break old bonds than is given off when new bonds form, the reaction is exergonic Chemical reactions are reversible. The direction in which the reaction runs depends on the relative concentrations of reactants and products already in place A chemical reaction will never begin unless there is enough energy present to begin breaking bonds in reactant molecules. This amount of energy is termed the activation energy enzyme

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    a type of protein molecule that serves as an organic catalist in solution. It reproducibly converts one specific sort of molecule into another - a specific reactant into its product active site a precise three - dimensional space within the structure of an enzyme where a sepcific reactant or reactants selectively bind and are there coverted to a product or products Most chemical reactions in nature do not proceed at any significant rate because of the amount of energy present is less than the activation energy for these reactions An enzyme binds to a specific reactant when the reactant diffuses into the enzyme's active site Enzymes lower the activation energy hill for specific chemical reactions, enabling them to proceed at significant rates at low cellular temperatures Activation energy for a reaction is lowered when the bond in the reactant that initally needs breaking is stressed in some way by the active site of an enzyme. The existence of many kinds of enzymes in cell allows molecules to be transormed in orderly ways within cells, slowly generating useful free energy and useful structures metabolic pathway a series of chemical reactions in a sequence in which the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction allosteric site a three - dimensional groove, poscket, or surface on or within an enzyme molecule; when a specifically shaped regulatory substance binds the site, the enzyme's active site is altered structurally feedback inhibition a form of rate regulation in metobolic pathways in which the product of some late reaction in the pathway controls the rate of catalysis by an enzyme earlier in the pathway

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