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Human Biology: Concepts And Current Issues , 6th Edition Test Bank

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is a correct statement regarding metabolism? 1) A) Animals use energy obtained directly from the sun and chemicals obtained from plants, other animals , air, and water. B) Plants get the raw materials they need for life processes entirely from air. C) Cells do not require energy to change molecules from one form to another. D) Few living organisms require raw materials and a constant source of energy. E) Cells maintain life through the breakdown of molecules and energy by chemical and physical processes. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2) Peer review is essential to the scientific process because 2) A) it is the primary means for informing other scientists of new information in the field. B) the process can lead to improvements in articles prior to being published. C) it tests hypotheses proposed by investigators. D) it ensures that the findings from experimentation are modified prior to publication. E) the process immediately validates any hypotheses tested in the experiments. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3) Humans possess several characteristics that, when taken together, differentiate them from other organisms. These characteristics include 3) A) large brain relative to body mass. B) opposable thumbs. C) capacity for complex language. D) bipedalism. E) All of the above are correct. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 1

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    4) "Molecules of life" include all of the following 4) A) water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates. B) non - sugar carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water. C) any non - carbon base molecule. D) lipids and proteins only. E) proteins, saturated fats, monosaccharides but not polysaccharides. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5) Approaching new information with a questioning attitude and looking for evidence to support the claim involves 5) A) skepticism. B) deductive reasoning. C) curiosity. D) the process of predicting an outcome. E) inductive reasoning. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6) Which of the following best describes the evolutionary advantage of bipedalism? 6) A) results in improved eye - hand coordination B) allows an organism to have precise control over the action of the thumb and fingers C) increases the chance that an organism can communicate through the written word D) frees the hands for carrying objects E) in early humans, allowed for complex motions associated with the use of tools Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 2

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    7) The process by which living organisms maintain a fairly constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment is known as 7) A) evolution. B) biology. C) chemistry. D) metabolism. E) homeostasis. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 8) Unicellular organisms are believed to have formed from nonliving elements approximately ________ years ago. 8) A) 3.5 billion B) 1 million C) 2.5 billion D) 200,000 E) 5 trillion Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 3

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    9) The graph above depicts the relative increase in autism in children from 1997 to 2007 living in California. In 2001, the additive thimerosal was removed from most childhood vaccines. Based on the information presented in the graph, what can be concluded about the hypothesis that thimerosal causes autism? 9) A) Prior to 2001, thimerosal clearly influenced the cases of autism in California. B) A sharp decrease in the cases of autism would be expected after 2001 if thimerosal was the causative agent of autism. C) Thimerosal requires some other agent to help induce autism. D) Thimerosal, at the very least, contributes to the occurrence of autism as evidenced by the almost logarithmic increase in children with autism from 2001 - 2007. E) The results of the study are inclusive. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 10) In science, graphs are often used to display data collected from an experiment. Which of the following is true regarding a graph? 10) A) Most graphs are plotted on three axes. B) The horizontal axis is known as the ordinate. C) Graphs always involve plots of individual data points. D) The dependent variable is plotted on the x - axis. E) Independent variables may include age or time. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 11) The branch of science that studies living organisms and their life processes is 11) A) Geology B) Physics C) Biology D) Chemistry Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 4

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    12) Which of the following best describes the proper sequence of steps involved in the scientific method? a. state hypothesis d. support or disprove hypothesis b. observe e. form a prediction c. experiment 12) A) b, a, e, c, d B) b, a, d, e, c C) e, b, a, c, d D) a, b, c, e, d E) a, b, c, d, e Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 13) One of the most common ways to get information out to a wide audience in the least amount of time regarding "hot" topics in science is by using 13) A) the Discovery channel on television. B) science magazines. C) books. D) peer - reviewed journals. E) general interest news magazines or newspapers. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 14) In the Domain classification system, which group of organisms contains multicellular photosynthesizers? 14) A) Bacteria B) Monera C) Plantae D) Eukarya Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 15) A farmer wants to improve crop yield in his fields by testing the effectiveness of a new pesticide available on the market. Which of the following is the best control for this experiment? 15) A) less new pesticide used on the control field than the experimental field B) a higher concentration of new pesticide used on the control field than the experimental field C) no new pesticide used on the control field; new pesticide used only on the experimental field D) more water on the control field than the experimental field E) more shade on the control field than the experimental field Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 5

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    16) Which of the following statements is FALSE? 16) A) Scientists use the scientific method to gain knowledge about the natural world. B) Science is a process. C) The scientific method involves many different ways of obtaining information. D) Knowledge gained through the scientific method can be used to predict the natural world. E) Because scientific knowledge is empirical, it cannot be tested. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 17) Which of the following is true regarding knowledge gained through scientific investigation? 17) A) This knowledge has resulted in less efficient sources of energy yet better health care. B) Scientific knowledge cannot be used to improve human life through technology. C) This information can be used to detect problems at an early stage and correct mistakes. D) This knowledge can be used to prove or disprove religious beliefs. E) Society as a whole generally ignores scientific information. Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 18) Which is the lowest level of biological organization that evolutionary change can occur? 18) A) population B) cell C) community D) organism Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 19) Which of the following taxa (subgroups used in classification) applies to humans? 19) A) Mammals B) Monera C) Protista D) Prokarya E) Invertebrates Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 6

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    20) According to the Health Watch essay, The Growing Threat of Antibiotic - Resistant Bacteria , which of the following is true? 20) A) Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat viral infections such as the common cold. B) Consumers should decrease the use of antibacterial hand creams and soaps instead of prescription antibiotics since these products are less likely to encourage the growth of resistant bacteria. C) Antibiotics only kill harmful bacteria. D) Consumers should not support scientific research that will lead to the development of new antibiotics. E) Because of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in medicine and society, some bacterial strains have now become less resistant to almost all currently existing antibiotics. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 21) A student needs information from the National Institutes of Health, a government agency. Which of the following endings should he or she look for in the Internet address? 21) A) com B) nih C) edu D) gov E) org Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 22) Which group of organisms are thought to have given rise to plants and animals? 22) A) Eukarya B) Monerans C) Protista D) Archaea Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 23) According to a recent study of nearly 140,000 women who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative, women who breast - fed their babies had a lower risk of developing heart disease and diabetes later in life than women who did not breast - fed their babies. These research findings are an example of 23) A) Skepticism B) Correlation C) Hypothesis testing D) Deductive reasoning E) Causation Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 7

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    24) Which of the following is a true statement? 24) A) Molecules are considered to be the smallest unit capable of exhibiting all the characteristics of life. B) Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving chemical elements. C) Organisms composed of many cells are unicellular. D) All living things are made up of at least one cell. E) Cells are incapable of maintaining homeostasis because they are too small. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 25) The criteria for classification of animals, plants, and fungi are based largely on 25) A) the structure or body plan of the organism. B) the organism's life cycle. C) the mode of nutrition of the organism. D) All of the above are correct. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 26) Which of the following statements regarding scientific theory is FALSE? 26) A) The highest status that a hypothesis can achieve is becoming a scientific theory. B) A hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested over time, and found to be true, usually becomes a scientific theory. C) A scientific theory explains scientific facts with a high degree of reliability. D) As new information is gained over time, scientific theories can be modified. E) A scientific theory is a speculation as to the possible outcome of an experiment. Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 27) Which of the following is correct in terms of level of organization from least to most complex? 27) A) atoms, cells, organism, organ systems B) cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism C) tissue, organ systems, population, cells D) atoms, tissue, organs, population Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 8

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    28) The Internet has been used as a rapid means to obtain information, including scientific ideas, but generally is less reliable than print media because 28) A) individuals and/or groups may post information to promote their own personal interests rather ideas that have been tested through the scientific process. B) at present, the Internet is less regulated than broadcast and print media. C) anyone can post "scientific" information, regardless of whether the information is misleading or not true. D) All of the above are correct. Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 29) Which of the following is a kingdom? 29) A) Primates B) Eukarya C) Archaea D) Bacteria E) Animalia Answer: E Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 30) How does scientific information in peer - reviewed journals differ from that in newspapers? 30) A) Articles often include political, ethical, and economic ramifications of the scientific findings. B) Information is more technical; readers usually require a background in the field in order to understand the article. C) The article is written by a reporter, not the researcher. D) Information is not approved by other scientists before its publication. E) Information is less in - depth and easily understood by the average reader. Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 31) The mathematics of interpreting and organizing data is known as 31) A) statistics. B) correlation and causation. C) algebra. D) graphing. E) differential equations. Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) E) 9

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    SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 32) A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring is a ________. 32) Answer: species Explanation: 33) The first step of the scientific method is ________. 33) Answer: observation Explanation: 34) Monerans are classified into two domains: ________ and ________. 34) Answer: Bacteria, Archaea Explanation: 35) The process by which an individual makes a generalization after examining specific cases is ________ reasoning. 35) Answer: inductive Explanation: 36) Organisms made up of one cell are said to be ________. 36) Answer: unicellular Explanation: 37) When data is presented in a graph, independent variables such as time or age should be plotted on the ________ (abscissa/ordinate). 37) Answer: abscissa Explanation: 38) Factors that are manipulated during an experimental procedure are called ________. 38) Answer: variables Explanation: 39) Humans can grasp objects between their thumbs and fingers because the thumb is ________. 39) Answer: opposable Explanation: 40) Data obtained from scientific experiments can best be displayed in a ________, which can be used to explain the results of an experiment as well. 40) Answer: graph Explanation: 41) A(n) ________ is a tentative statement about the natural world that can lead to a testable deduction. 41) Answer: hypothesis Explanation: 10

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    42) The chemical and physical processes that are involved in energy and molecular transformations in living organisms are collectively termed ________. 42) Answer: metabolism Explanation: 43) Information that takes the form of a testimonial is considered to be ________, not scientific. 43) Answer: anecdotal Explanation: 44) A carefully planned and executed manipulation of the natural world used to test a prediction in the scientific method is a(n) ________. 44) Answer: experiment Explanation: 45) The application of scientific knowledge to improve the condition of humans is known as ________. 45) Answer: technology Explanation: 46) A properly designed controlled experiment should include both an ________ group and a ________ group. 46) Answer: experimental, control Explanation: 47) The ability to stand upright and walk on two legs is ________. 47) Answer: bipedalism Explanation: 48) A ________ is a higher classification system of organisms that encompasses kingdoms. 48) Answer: domain Explanation: 49) A group of tissues working together for a common purpose is known as a(n) ________. 49) Answer: organ Explanation: 50) The four organic molecules found in all living systems are carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and ________. 50) Answer: proteins Explanation: TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 51) Because the natural world includes all energy and matter, it also includes all living organisms. 51) Answer: True False Explanation: 11

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    52) Recent research indicates that humans are not the only mammal capable of standing upright and walking on two legs. 52) Answer: True False Explanation: 53) Plants obtain their energy directly from the sun and their raw materials from the soil, air, and water in their environment. 53) Answer: True False Explanation: 54) Since dietary supplements have met the same government regulations as prescription drugs, they are a safe and effective treatment for specific diseases. 54) Answer: True False Explanation: 55) Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, single - celled organisms arose from non - living chemical elements. 55) Answer: True False Explanation: 56) Not only does science involve gaining knowledge about the natural world, it also involves the process of obtaining that knowledge. 56) Answer: True False Explanation: 57) Special interest groups are not permitted to post information as "science" on the internet unless it has undergone peer review. 57) Answer: True False Explanation: 58) Scientific knowledge cannot prove or disprove the existence, or importance to us, of issues that fall outside of the natural world. 58) Answer: True False Explanation: 59) Our society places a very high value on human life, and thus would not permit humans to be tested experimentally if the end result is deliberate harm. 59) Answer: True False Explanation: 60) Manufacturers of dietary supplements are not required to report negative effects of the product to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 60) Answer: True False Explanation: 61) "Blind" experiments are designed to reduce the possibility that the outcome of an experiment might be affected by the power of suggestion. 61) Answer: True False Explanation: 12

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    62) The validity of a prediction in the scientific method is determined by experimentation or observation. 62) Answer: True False Explanation: 63) After years of experimentation and testing, it is possible to prove that a hypothesis is true, at which point it becomes absolute truth. 63) Answer: True False Explanation: MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Each of the following terms is related to the scientific process. Match each to its description. 64) the application of general principles to specific cases Answer: B 65) when testing a prediction, this accounts for all possible variables except the variable being considered Answer: A A) controlled experiment B) deductive reasoning 64) 65) Match each kingdom to its description. 66) multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that convert energy from the sun into food; tallest organisms on the planet Answer: A A) Plantae 66) Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 67) Skin cells, like the bacteria living on human skin, give rise to new individual cells. Answer: B 68) Chemical analysis of a plant indicates that it is primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorous; these elements are generally lacking in most rocks. Answer: A A) Living things have a different molecular composition than nonliving things. B) Livings things grow and reproduce. 67) 68) Each of the following terms is related to the scientific process. Match each to its description. 69) the process of testing ideas and gaining information about the natural world Answer: A A) scientific method 69) 13

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    Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 70) Many species of fish increase swimming activity when moving into colder waters. Answer: A A) Living things respond to their external environment. 70) Match each kingdom to its description. 71) Some members are unicellular while others are multicellular eukaryotes; some, but not all, undergo photosynthesis; protozoa and algae are common examples of the kingdom. Answer: A 72) Organisms are single - celled, lack membrane bound nuclei or other cellular components, and are found everywhere on the planet. Answer: B A) Protista B) Monera 71) 72) Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 73) All animals consume plants, animals or other organisms in their environment. Answer: A A) Living things require energy and raw materials. 73) Match each kingdom to its description. 74) All consume other organisms for energy; are multicellular eukaryotes; members range from simple sponges to complex primates like humans. Answer: A A) Animalia 74) Each of the following terms is related to the scientific process. Match each to its description. 75) making a generalization from knowledge gained from specific cases Answer: A A) inductive reasoning 75) Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 76) Through years of exposure, many insects have become resistant to insecticides used in agriculture. Answer: A A) Populations of living things evolve. 76) 14

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    Match each kingdom to its description. 77) are responsible for breaking down the bodies of dead organisms, thereby releasing nutrients back into the environment Answer: A A) Fungi 77) Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 78) Certain blood vessels in humans will constrict or dilate in during intense exercise. Answer: A A) Living things maintain homeostasis. 78) Each of the following terms is related to the scientific process. Match each to its description. 79) a possible explanation to a proposed problem Answer: A 80) a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and found to be true Answer: B A) hypothesis B) theory 79) 80) Your text lists several criteria that define living organisms; these are listed on the right. Match each to its example. 81) Plants growing in flower beds around your house will close leaf pores during the hot hours of the day. Answer: A A) Living things respond to their external environment. 81) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 82) Explain how the characteristics of bipedalism and opposable thumbs are advantageous to humans. Answer: Bipedalism frees the hands and forearms for carrying items, tools, food, and even children. Coupled with opposable thumbs, these features have undoubtedly contributed to better defense against predators, increased utilization of resources, and even advanced communication through gesturing and written symbols. 83) You have been asked to test the effectiveness of drug X in preventing the growth of certain types of cancerous cells. Your responsibilities include designing and executing the experimental approach. After completing the study, you realize that no control variables were defined. How will this impact your drug study? Answer: Failure to define the control variables implies that many unintended factors were left to change with the application of the drug. This would prevent you from determining whether any inhibition of the cancerous cells was due to drug X or some other factor that you did not control. The result is the study would have to be repeated using appropriate controlled variables. 15

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