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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues 11th Edition Test Bank

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues 11th Edition Test Bank provides a structured approach to mastering key exam concepts with step-by-step explanations and practice questions.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics True / False 1. Normal white blood cells (called B cells) and cancerous B cells that cause leukemia both carry a unique surface protein called CD - 19. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 1 Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 2. Genetic modification of immune cells has not been shown to be an effective leukemia treatment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 1 Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 3. The human genome carries approximately 20,000 genes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 4. In the years after the completion of the human genome project, genome sequencing revealed surprisingly little amount of variation in the sequence and arrangement of nucleotides in humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 5. In some societies, the birth of a deformed child is regarded as a sign of impending war or famine. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? (Genetic Disorders in Culture and Art) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 2 - Describe the role of genes in the production of proteins.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 6. Genes are precisely copied during the process of DNA replication and never undergo any change. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule. 7. The U.S. has stayed ahead of the issues surrounding genetic technology by implementing ground - breaking public policy and laws. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 2 Genetics Is the Key to Biology LEARNING OBJECTIV ES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 2 - 1 - Define the term genetics and summarize its role in our understanding of all of biology. 8. The separation of genes during the formation of the sperm and egg and the reunion of genes at fertilization is explained by the behavior of chromosomes in a form of cell division called meiosis. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 2 - Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes. 9. Genetic discoveries made in one organism cannot necessarily be applied to other species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 10. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 was supported by research that demonstrated that Western Europeans were genetically superior to Eastern Europeans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 2 - Assess the social and political ramifications of eugenics policies.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics Multiple Choice 11. What is the greatest risk factor for cancer? a. family history b. age c. environmental toxins d. diet e. physical inactivity ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 12. The immune system ____. a. works by attacking anything recognized as foreign b. plays no role in fighting cancer c. often accelerates development of malignant cancers d. works by turning off specific genes in an individual’s DNA e. is highly resistant to genetic modification ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 13. What is an example of basic research? a. Developing a new diagnostic test b. Synthesizing proteins for treating disease c. Manufacturing a vaccine d. Developing a new drug to treat diabetes e. Learning how plants turn carbon dioxide into sugar ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJEC TIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 2 - Differentiate between basic and applied research and illustrate how each approach is used in the study of genetics.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 14. Genetics is defined as the scientific study of ____. a. diseases b. DNA c. heredity d. chromosome structure e. cell structure ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 2 Genetics Is the Key to Biology LEARNING OBJECTIV ES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 2 - 1 - Define the term genetics and summarize its role in our understanding of all of biology. 15. The DNA components adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are examples of ____. a. phosphates b. sugars c. bases d. genes e. ribosomes ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule. 16. Gregor Mendel ____. a. discovered the structure of DNA b. claimed that each individual carries a pair of "factors" for a given trait c. demonstrated that traits carried by parents are “blended” in their offspring d. cross - bred thirty different species of pea plants over a span of fifty years e. reasoned that each parent carries one gene for a specific trait ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 1 - Discuss Gregor Mendel and his role in the early science of genetics.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 17. What Mendel called “factors,” we now call ____. a. nucleotides b. DNA c. chromosomes d. genes e. bases ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 2 - Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes. 18. Before Mendel, most people would have predicted that a cross of a red rose with a yellow rose would produce ____. a. all red roses b. all yellow roses c. all orange roses d. about half yellow roses and half red roses e. about three - fourths red roses and one - fourth yellow roses ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 2 - Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes. 19. The main purpose of preparing karyotypes is to ____. a. prepare for gene extractions b. determine gender c. determine which genes are on which chromosomes d. separate DNA into its component parts e. diagnose or rule out certain genetic disorders ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 20. Eugenics ____. a. has been scientifically tested and shown to be a valid theory b. is a dubious method for improving the human species through selective breeding c. assumes that human traits are much more influenced by environment than by genes d. had major social ramifications in Germany but is largely dismissed in the United States e. was based on faulty karyotyping and DNA analysis ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 2 - Assess the social and political ramifications of eugenics policies.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 21. Carrie Buck is significant in the history of genetics because she ____. a. was a well - known advocate for eugenics b. became the first woman geneticist c. was sterilized after the U.S. Supreme Court determined she was feebleminded d. discovered how to genetically modify corn to be resistant to herbicides e. is the author of the first biography of Gregor Mendel ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 3 - Summarize the flaws in eugenics theory and critique its influence in the U.S. during the early 20th century. 22. Hereditarianism is the idea that all human traits are ____. a. partly influenced by environment b. traceable to our earliest ancestors c. influenced equally by genes and environment d. determined only by genes e. immutable from generation to generation ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 1 - Explain the field of eugenics as proposed by Francis Galton. 23. The decline of the eugenics movement in the U.S. in the early 20th century resulted from ____. a. breakthroughs in genetic technology b. violent protests by the medical community c. the ability to manipulate gene expression d. social outrage at the number of deaths caused by botched sterilizations e. its misuse for social and political purposes by the Nazis ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 3 - Summarize the flaws in eugenics theory and critique its influence in the U.S. during the early 20th century.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 24. Induced pluripotent stem cells are ____ a. produced from normal body cells b. not used for human genetic research c. a major cause of cancer d. grown in the lab to produce clones e. isolated from embryos ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 25. Gene therapy can best be described as the ____. a. repair of a defect (mutation) in a gene b. insertion of normal genes to act in place of mutant genes c. insertion of human genes into other organisms d. cloning of genes to produce and purify therapeutically useful proteins e. mapping of all human genetic information ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 26. The methods of ____ have had the greatest impact on human genetics in recent decades. a. cytogenetics b. molecular genetics c. transmission genetics d. translational medicine e. genomics ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 27. A human pedigree ____. a. is a family tree chart showing birth and death dates b. certifies that an individual has a particular genome c. certifies good genetic health d. represents the inheritance of a trait through several generations of a family e. summarizes the health history of an individual and his/her parents ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 28. The development and use of ____ ushered in the era of genomics when geneticists began planning ways to sequence the 3.2 billion nucleotides in the human genome. a. transmission genetics b. the electron microscope c. recombinant DNA technology d. cytogenetics e. karyotypes ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 29. The nucleotide sequence encoded in a gene defines the ____ that make up proteins. a. phosphate groups b. polypeptides c. ribosomes d. haplotypes e. amino acids ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 2 - Describe the role of genes in the production of proteins.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 30. Transmission genetics ____. a. studies the pattern of inheritance as traits are passed from generation to generation b. reconstructs the pattern of inheritance associated with a trait as it passes through several generations c. maps genes to study chromosome structure and abnormalities in chromosome numbers and organization d. uses recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, and produce millions of copies of genes that can be studied in the laboratory e. sequences the complete human genome ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. Completion 31. The union of research and medicine that seeks to quickly translate research findings into methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is called ____________________. ANSWER: translational medicine DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 1 Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 32. The simplest type of variation in a genome sequence is a single nucleotide change called a(n) ANSWER: single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 33. A set of genetic markers located close together on a single ____________________ is called a haplotype. ANSWER: chromosome chromosome region DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 34. New technology has made it possible to screen an individual’s entire genome, instead of testing for one genetic disorder at a time. This technology uses ____________________ that carry DNA from the entire human genome. ANSWER: DNA microarrays DNA chips microarrays chips DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 35. In the mid - twentieth century, researchers discovered that genes are made of ____________________ and that this molecule is part of cellular structures known as ____________________. ANSWER: DNA, chromosomes DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 2 - Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes. 36. The process in which genes move from one chromosome to another is called ____________________. ANSWER: recombination recombining DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 2 - Describe the role of genes in the production of proteins. 37. Each nucleotide in a strand of DNA is composed of a(n) ____________________, a(n) ____________________, and a(n) ____________________. ANSWER: sugar, base, phosphate group base, sugar, phosphate group sugar, phosphate group, base phosphate group, sugar, base base, phosphate group, sugar phosphate group, base, sugar DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule. 38. Chemical subunits called amino acids combine to make ____________________. ANSWER: proteins DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 2 - Describe the role of genes in the production of proteins.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 39. Transmission genetics studies the pattern of ____________________ as traits are passed from generation to generation. ANSWER: inheritance DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 40. ____________________ is the branch of genetics that is used to map genes and study chromosome structure and abnormalities in chromosome number and organization. ANSWER: Cytogenetics DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 41. DNA is a helical molecule consisting of two strands of ____________________ that is the primary carrier of ____________________ information. ANSWER: nucleotides, genetic DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule. 42. In 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of states to use ____________________ as a means of preventing reproduction by those deemed “unfit.” ANSWER: sterilization eugenic sterilization DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 2 - Assess the social and political ramifications of eugenics policies. 43. Recombinant DNA technology has been used for over 30 years to produce ____________________ in bacteria for the treatment of diabetes. ANSWER: insulin human insulin DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 44. Results from the ____________________ and the development of new technologies have revolutionized the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. ANSWER: Human Genome Project HGP DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 1 Genetics and Translational Medicine LEARNING OBJECT IVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 1 - 1 - Explain the connection between genetic research and clinical medicine as it relates to cancer treatment. 45. Eugenics is the attempt to improve the human species by ____________________. ANSWER: selective breeding DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 1 - Explain the field of eugenics as proposed by Francis Galton. 46. Mendel’s experiments on pea plants showed that genes are passed ____________________ from generation to generation and that traits are not ____________________. ANSWER: intact, blended DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 4 How Are Genes Transmitted from Parents to Offspring? LEARNING OBJ ECTIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 4 - 2 - Explain how Mendel’s research with pea plants has increased our understanding of how specific traits are passed from parent to offspring by genes. 47. Clones are genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms, all derived from a(n) ____________________. ANSWER: single ancestor single individual DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 48. Population geneticists are interested in the forces that change the ____________________ of genes in a population. ANSWER: frequency DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNING OBJECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics. 49. A trait is a(n) ____________________ property of an organism. ANSWER: observable DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 2 Genetics Is the Key to Biology LEARNING OBJECTIV ES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 2 - 1 - Define the term genetics and summarize its role in our understanding of all of biology.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 50. The fundamental unit of heredity is called a(n) ____________________. ANSWER: gene DIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Remember REFERENCES: 1 - 3 What Are Genes and How Do They Work? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 3 - 1 - Identify basic gene components and diagram the structure of a DNA molecule. Essay 51. Consider this statement: Information about citizens' genomes should be held in a centralized database by a single private company or by the government. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your reasoning. ANSWER: Answers will vary. Students might discuss privacy and security issues with regard to their personal data, as well as the potential misuse of these data by corporations or the government to restrict the rights of groups based on real or imagined traits. DIFFICULT Y: Bloom's: Evaluate, Create REFERENC ES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? 1 - 8 What Choices Do We Make in the Era of Genomics and Biotechnology? LEARNING OBJECTIV ES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 2 - Assess the social and political ramifications of eugenics policies. HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 8 - 1 - Debate the ethical and social issues that the use of genomics and biotechnology introduces to society. 52. Discuss how and why the investigative method of molecular genetics has had the greatest impact on human genetics over the last several decades. ANSWER: Molecular genetics uses recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, and produce millions of copies of genes (clones) that can be studied in the laboratory. These methods have greatly advanced our knowledge of how genes are organized and how they work at the molecular level. DIFFICU LTY: Bloom's: Understand REFEREN CES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNIN G OBJEC TIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 1 - Compare and contrast the different methods scientists use to study genetics.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 53. Differentiate between basic and applied research and discuss how the two are linked in terms of genetics. ANSWE R: Scientists do basic research in laboratory and field settings to understand how something works or why it works the way it does. In basic research, there is no immediate goal of solving a practical problem or making a commercial product; knowledge itself is the goal. In turn, the results of basic research generate new ideas and more basic research. In this way, we gain detailed information about the structure and function of cells, why animals behave in certain ways, and how plants turn carbon dioxide into sugar. Among other things, basic research in genetics has provided us with details about genes, how they work, and, more importantly, what happens when they don’t work properly. Applied research is usually done to solve a practical problem or turn a discovery into a commercial service or product. Applied research uses basic methods such as transmission genetics to study the way in which a trait is inherited, and it also uses biotechnology to make products such as transgenic organisms, medicines, and nutritionally enhanced foods. In agriculture, applied genetic research has increased crop yields, lowered the fat content of pork, and created new forms of corn and soybeans that are re sistant to herbicides and pests. In medicine, new diagnostic tests, the synthesis of customized proteins for treating disease, and the production of vaccines are just a few examples of applied genetic research. DIFFIC ULTY: Bloom's: Analyze REFER ENCES: 1 - 5 How Do Scientists Study Genes? LEARNI NG OBJ ECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 5 - 2 - Differentiate between basic and applied research and illustrate how each approach is used in the study of genetics. 54. Define eugenics and discuss Francis Galton’s influence in the development of the fundamentally flawed ‘science.’ ANSWE R: Francis Galton proposed that selection should be used to improve the human species. Galton started a new field, which he called eugenics. He claimed that by applying the principle of natural selection, we could improve the intellectual, economic, and social level of humankind through selective breeding. Bypassing legal and ethical considerations, Galton’s proposals were simple: People with desirable traits such as leadership and musical ability should be encouraged to have large families, whereas those wit h undesirable traits such as intellectual disability and physical deformities should be discouraged from reproducing. Galton’s reasoning was flawed for several reasons, including his belief that human traits are handed down without any environmental influence. His proposals failed to address another important consideration: Who defines what is a desirable or an undesirable trait? DIFFIC ULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFER ENCES: 1 - 6 Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law? LEARNI NG OBJ ECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 6 - 1 - Explain the field of eugenics as proposed by Francis Galton.

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    Chapter 01 - A Perspective on Human Genetics 55. What was the benefit envisioned from the Human Genome Project? Was this project an appropriate use of taxpayers' money? Why or why not? ANSWER: The benefit envisioned from the Human Genome Project was the ability to identify, map, and assign functions to all genes carried in our cells and then turn those results into new methods of diagnosis and treatment of disease. Answers will vary. DIFFICULT Y: Bloom's: Evaluate REFERENC ES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNING OBJECTIVE S: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 56. Discuss some negative implications of recombinant DNA technology. ANSWER : The use of herbicide - resistant corn and soybeans may speed the development of herbicide - resistant weeds and increase our use of and dependence on chemical herbicides. There is also the possibility that genetically engineered traits may be transferred to other organisms, leading to irreversible and deleterious changes in ecosystems. DIFFIC ULTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERE NCES: 1 - 7 What Impact Is Genomics Having? LEARNI NG OBJ ECTIVES : HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 7 - 1 - Describe genome sequencing and illustrate various methods of use in the treatment of disease, genetic testing, and plant and animal modification. 57. In what sense is genetics the key to all of biology? ANSWER: Genes control what cells look like and what they do as well as how babies develop and how we reproduce. An understanding of what genes are, how they are passed from generation to generation, and how they work is essential to our understanding of all life on Earth, including our species, Homo sapiens . DIFFICU LTY: Bloom's: Understand REFERE NCES: 1 - 2 Genetics Is the Key to Biology LEARNIN G OBJEC TIVES: HUHE.CUMM.16.1 - 2 - 1 - Define the term genetics and summarize its role in our understanding of all of biology.

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