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Kami Export Logan Owsley CladogramsSE

Explore evolutionary relationships using cladograms! Compare physical traits and molecular data to understand how species like deer, turtles, and worms are related through common ancestry.

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    A Gizmos Name: Date: Student Exploration: Cladograms Vocabulary: adaptation, amino acid, amnior. araodaccyla. bipedal, clade, cl adi sties. clan ogram. convergent evolution, evolution, flower, mammary glands, molecular, morphological. multicellular, parsimony, sagittal crest, phloem, selenodont teeth, SNP, xylem Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Look at the images below. Which two organisms do you think are most closely related? i think the turtle and the deer 2. Why do you think SO? I say the turtle arid deer because they have tails and legs and arms arid mouths r»ose and ears and worms dont have that they dont have arms and legs Gizmo Warm-up Cladi sties is a methoo of hypothesizing the evolutionary relationships between species. A cladogram is a branching diagram that illustrates these relationships. For example, the cladogram on the right shows that neer are more closely related to turtles than to worms. In the Cladograms Gizmo, you will use morphological (physical characteristics) and molecular Data to create cladograms. To begin, make sure Plants is selected for the Organism group ard Morphological is selected for the Data type. Click on one of the characteristics to the left of the table on the TABLE tab. Information about the characteristic will be shown on the ORGANISM tab. Using the information on the ORGANISM tab. describe each of the characteristics below. • Xylem ard phloem' l l ! i s u e s l h piarits that transport water and toiines Hie plant and the food dawn the piihl. Flowers is a part of a plant containing reproductive organs surrounded by brightly colored petals. Multicellularity a Gf 9 a f l l S n ’ 1 composed of more than one cell.

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    Activity A: Get the Gizmo ready: • Check that Plants and Morphological are still selectee for the group and data type Morphological cladogram Question: Mow do you build a simple cladogram based on physical characteristics? 1. Fill in: Using what you learnec in the warm-up. fill in the table. Clicking one of the boxes of the table will add a check mark to indicate the presence of a characteristic. Then, select Check table and aejust any of the boxes you may have filled in incorrectly. flowc*rB Which organism has the fewest shared characteristics? 2. Organize: Now you are ready to organize the table. A. How many characteristics (check marks) does each organism have? n 3 2 i Algae: Arabidopsis: Cycad: Moss: Drag the arrows { ) below the table to order the organism columns from fewest characteristics on the left to most on the right. B. How many organisms have each characteristic? Multicellularity: J Xylem and phloem: Flowers: Drag the arrows to the right of the table to order the characteristics from fewest organisms on the top to most on the bottom. 3. Build: Select the CLADOGRAM tab at the top left. The goal of a cladogram is to show the relationships among a group of organisms. Organisms that are most closely related shoulo share the most recent common ancestor (highest branch on the tree). Organisms that are most distantly related should share the oldest common ancestor (lowest branch on the tree). Click the segments on the clan ogram template • • • ■ to build your own cladogram that shows how you think the different plants are related. ■ • • Sketch you cladogram in the space to the right. • ■ Answer the following questions based on your cladogram. • , iMt,- u* t cycad and arabidopis A. Which two organisms are most closely related? B. Which organism is most distantly related from the other three? algae and arapidopis (Activity A continued on next page)

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    Activity A (continued from previous page) 4. Analyze: On a completed cladogram, the orange dot that connects two branches represents a common ancestor. In the cladogram to the right, organisms E and C descended from a common ancestor (D) that was more recent than the common ancestor (E) of organisms A, B. and C. Describe how the organisms in your cladogram are relatec through common ancestors. Arabdopsis and Algae share the most distant common ancestor. After that Arabi dlopsis and Mas!; si ire a common aHtrstor Arabicfop sir. <n id Tread slmrr the most rrcr-i J commor- ancestor. 5. Label: The purple lines represent a characteristic change, or adaptation. On the cladogram above, organisms B and C share characteristic 3. Organism B either gained or lost characteristic 1 after diverging from organism C. In the Gizmo, select a purple line to open a text box anu fill in the characteristics. Based on your cladogram, from oloest to newest, iin what order oid the three characteristics (flowers, multicellularicy. and xylem/’ phloem) evolve? Multiecllulanty. lykrn/plilocfn, flowers 6. Score: The parsimony principle states that the most likely solution is usually the simplest. In general, biologists try to create cladograms that require the fewest evolutionary changes. For example, it is more likely that xylem and phloem evolved once rather than multiple times. The "parsimony score" calculates how many changes occur in a given cladogram. 3 A How many changes (purple lines) occurreo in your ciao ogram? B. Select Show parsimony score . What is the score of your ciao ogram? C. Select Show best possible parsimony score Have you created a cladogram with si the least number of possible characteristic changes? 7. Revise If you have not creareo a ciao ogram with the lowest possible parsimony score, adjust the cladogram until you do. Make sure that the organisms are ordereo from fewest shared characteristics on the left to most shared characteristics on the right. Select Show accepted cladogram. Does your cladogram match the scientifically accepted cladogram? Click the camera (tt) to take a snapshot of your cladogram. Right click the image, select Copy, and then paste the image into a blank document that you will turn in with this sheet

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